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20.
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現在完成式的疑難：
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1.
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敘述過去的動作為何不用過去式而要用現在完成式呢?
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•
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•
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14.
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since 子句裡可否用現在完成式？
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15.
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"He has lived in Taipei more than three years since he returned from abroad." 錯在哪裡？
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16.
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"Father works from morning till night, day after day." 裡的 from 可否改用 since？
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17.
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"Yesterday Father said he could not go with us, but since then he has changed his mind." 這個句子是不是表示 " 爸爸的主意從那時起到現在一直都在改變"？
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18.
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"I have known a lot of English." 這個句子錯在哪裡？
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19.
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"This is the first time that I hear him say 'thank you'." 這個句子錯在哪裡?
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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20.
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"for＋若干時間" 裡的 for 在何種情形下可以省略？
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for 的省略與否實在找不出一條準則。有些人想省則省，要留則留。不過，就大多數人所使用的實例觀之，在句首時不省，可是句首的 "how long" 卻沒有 for，回答時也將 for 省略； 在 be / live / wait 之後時常省略；在 long 之前也常被省略。如：
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(1)
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For the past (or last) month the weather has been quite perfect.
(過去這一個月來天氣一直相當好。)
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(2)
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A:
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How long has he been here?
(他來這兒有多久了?)
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B:
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Two years.
(兩年了。)
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(3)
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I've been waiting (for) a long time for this opportunity.
(這個機會我已經等了很久了。)
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(4)
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A:
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Have you been working here long?
(你是不是已經在這裡工作很長時間了?)
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B:
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No, not long, but my brother's been in this firm (for) a very long time.
(不，不長。但我的兄弟已經在這個公司裡工作很久了。)
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(註)
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(a)
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疑問句與否定句裡通常用的是 "(for) long"，在肯定句裡則用 "(for) a long time"，如以上 (3) 與 (4) 兩例。—— "for a long time" 也可用於否定句，見下面 "(b)"。
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(b)
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for long 與 for a long time 用於否定句時，含義不同。如：
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(1)
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a.
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I haven't worked for long.
(我工作沒有多久。)
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b.
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I haven't worked for a long time.
(我很久沒有工作了。)
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(2)
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I haven't known her for long.
(我認識她不久。)
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(3)
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a.
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He didn't speak for long.
(他沒說多久。)
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b.
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He didn't speak for a long time.
(他有很久沒說話 —— 他隔了很久才說話。)
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(c)
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all day / night / one's life 等之前根本沒有 for。如：
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(1)
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a.
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Where have you been for all this while? (×)
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b.
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Where have you been all this while? (○)
(這一陣子你一直在哪兒?)
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(2)
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I've studied English grammar all my life, but I still can't master it.
(我一生都在研究英文文法，但仍無法精通。)
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21.
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同一個動詞的現在完成式有 "一段時間" 與否含義不同：
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(1)
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a.
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I have lived here for ages.
(我住在這兒很久了。)
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b.
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I have (once) lived here.
(我曾住過這兒。)
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(2)
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a.
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He has studied German for two years.
(他已學了兩年德文。)
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b.
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He has studied German.
(他學過德文。)
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22.
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主要子句與從屬子句都是現在完成式時，從屬子句裡的現在完成式可以用過去簡單式代替。如：
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(1)
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I've usually liked the people that I worked (or have worked) with.
(我對我的工作夥伴通常都會產生感情。)
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(2)
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My father's worked harder than he needed (or has needed) to for the last thirty years.
(過去這三十年來，我父親一直工作得過度辛苦。)
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