第五篇      動      詞 

    第九章  助動詞  (Auxiliary Verb)  

 

主動詞之前形成動詞的否定、疑問、時態、語法、語態或表示特殊意義的動詞稱為助動詞。 如:

am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used和had better.C

1.

助動詞的分類 —— 為了便於說明起見,本書將助動詞分成兩類:C

 

1.

兼用助動詞 —— 既可作助動詞用又可作主動詞用的動詞稱為兼用助動詞。計有:C

 

 

 

am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, need, dare, used。 如:

 

 

 

助動詞

主動詞

(1)

She is reading the newspaper.C
(她在看報。)

She is a teacher.C
(她是教員。)

(2)

She does not speak English.C
(她不講英語。)

She does her work carefully.C
(她工作很仔細。)

(3)

We have to eat to live.C
(我們必須為生而食。)

I have a cold.
(我感冒。)

(4)

You needn't wait for me.C
(你不必等我。)

You need a new coat.C
(你需要一件新外套。)

(5)

Dare you swim across?C
(你敢不敢游過去?)

I dare you to do it!C
(量你也不敢!)

(6)

We used to live here.C
(我們過去住在這裡。)

We used a knife to cut it.C
(我們用小刀切的。)

 

 

2.

專用助動詞 —— 只可作助動詞用不可作主動詞用的動詞稱為專用助動詞。計有:

 

 

 

shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, had better。 如:

 

 

 

(1)

She can speak English well.
(她英文說得很好。)C

 

 

 

(2)

This popular song may be heard everywhere.
(這首流行歌曲到處聽得到。)C

 

 

 

(3)

Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
(這類事情不該被許可,對不對?)

 

第五篇      動      詞 

    第九章  助動詞  (Auxiliary Verb)  

1.

助動詞的分類  

 

 
 

續 上 期

 
2.

助動詞的特徵

 
  1. 專用助動詞沒有人稱與數的變化 —— 主詞是第三人稱單數時字尾不加 s。  如:  
    (1)

I (or You, He, We, They) must work hard next term.C
(我〔你,他,我們,他們〕下學期必須努力讀書。)C

 
    (2)
 You can swim and he  cans  (×)C  swim, too. C
 can  ()C
 

 

 

 

 (你會游泳,他也會游泳。)

 
  2. 專用助動詞中除 ought 外都是接沒有to的不定詞。  如:  
    (1)
 Boys will  to be  (×)  boys.
 be  ()
 

 

 

 

(男孩子總是男孩子。—— 男孩子總是會淘氣的。)C

 
    (2)
“Shall I  to be  (×)  in time?” he asked himself, looking at his watch.C
 be  ()
 

 

 

 

(“我會不會來得及呢?” 他問自己,接著看看薄C)C

 
    (3)
 You  ought study  (×)  hard.
 ought to study  ()
 

 

 

 

(你應該努力讀書。)

 
  3. 兼用助動詞之後的不定詞 —— 有的有 to,有的則無。C  

 

 

A.

do 之後的不定詞沒有 to。  如:C

 
      (1) Do write to me as often as you can,” said his wife.C
(“一定要膆i能地常給我寫信,” 他太太說。)C
 
      (2) Why do you ask me? Why don't you ask your wife?C
(你為什麽問我? 為什麽不問你太太?)C
 
      (3) She doesn't like wine, but she does like coffee.C
(她不喜歡葡萄酒,但很喜歡咖啡。)C
 

 

 

B.

be, have 和 used 之後的不定詞有 to。  如:C

 
      (1) He said that if anyone rang up, I was to say he'd be back shortly.
(= He told me to say that he'd be back shortly if anyone rang up.)
(他說如果有人打電話來,我就說他會很快回來的。)C
 
      (2) He had to go to the dentist the following day as he had an appointment.
(他因為有約第二天非去看牙醫不可。)C
 
      (3) She used to dislike him but she quite likes him now.C
(她過去不喜歡他,但現在很喜歡他。)C
 

 

 

C.

need 和 dare 之後接 not 以及放在主詞之前形成疑問句時,後接無 to 不定詞。  如:

 
      (1) I needn't get up till eight tomorrow.
(我明天不必在八點前起床。)C
 
      (2) Need I eat it all, Mummy?” said the child.C
(“我是不是要全吃完,媽咪?” 這孩子問。)C
 
        “Yes, dear, you must, ” she said.
(“是的,親愛的,你必須吃完,” 她說。)
 
      (3) A∶ Dare you swim across?
(你敢不敢遊過去?)C
 
        B∶ I daren't do it.  (我不敢。)  
    (註) 與 do 結合時,need / dare 是主動詞而非助動詞,後接有 to 不定詞。  如:  
      He didn't need to wait for me.  (他不必等我。)C  
      He doesn't dare (to) interrupt.  (他不敢插嘴。) (參閱 p.778-3)C  

 

4.

所有助動詞之後接 not 形成了否定。 如:C

 
    (1) I cannot see the blackboard when I sit in the back now.C
(我坐在後排時看不見黑板。)D
 
     

can 的否定可以寫成 cannot, can not 或 can't。

 
    (2) I don't feel good. I think I'm catching a cold.
(我感覺不太好。我想我要感冒了。)
 
    (3) She usedn't to like him but she quite likes him now. (= She used to dislike him ...)C
(她過去不喜歡他但現在很喜歡他。)C
 
    (4) You had better not go there alone.
(你最好不要單獨去那兒。)

第五篇      動      詞 

    第九章  助動詞  (Auxiliary Verb)  

1.

助動詞的分類  

2.

助動詞的特徵

 

1.

專用助動詞沒有人稱與數的變化——主詞是第三人稱單數時字尾不加 s。

 

2.

專用助動詞中除 ought 外都是接沒有to的不定詞

 

3.

兼用助動詞之後的不定詞 —— 有的有 to,有的則無。

 

4.

所有助動詞之後接 not 形成了否定。 如:C

 

 

續 上 期

 

5.

在口語中,助動詞通常都用省略式 (contraction) —— 參閱 p.113。C

 

 

A.

主詞和肯定的助動詞 (包括 be/have 動詞) 形成肯定的省略式 ——“'s”可能是 is,也可能是 has;“ 'd”可能是 had, 也可能是 would;“ 'll”可能是 shall,也可能是 will。 如:C

 

 

 

(1)

You'd (=You had) better ask him first.
(你最好先問他。)

 

 

 

(2)

I'd (= I would) rather read a book than go to class.C
(我寧願看書不願去上課。)C

 

 

 

(3)

He's (= He is) only joking. Don't believe him.
(他只是在開玩笑,別信他。)C

 

 

 

(4)

He's (= He has) had a lot of bad luck lately.
(最近他運氣糟透了。)C

 

 

 

(5)

I'll (= I shall) be 55 next week.
(下星期我就五十五歲了。)C

 

 

 

(6)

Don't bother. I'll (= I will) drive you.
(別擔心。我會開車送你。)

 

 

B.

在否定句裡,通常都是在助動詞的字尾加 n't 或 't 而成 —— be 和 have 既可和主詞合成一個字 (如 he's not seen it)也可和 not 合成一個字 (如 he hasn't seen it)。 如:C

 

 

 

(1)

The window can't be opened.
(這窗子打不開。)C

 

 

 

(2)

A:

Why are you here so early?
(你為什麽來這麽早?)

 

 

 

 

B:

Sunny told me that the party started at seven o'clock.C
(桑妮告訴我聚會七點開始。)

 

 

 

 

A:

No, it doesn't start until eight o'clock. You must have misunderstood.
(不,八點才開始。你一定是誤會了。)

 

 

 

(3)

A:

Hello, may I speak to Sunny?
(喂,我可不可以和桑妮講話?)C

 

 

 

 

B:

I'm sorry, You must have the wrong number (or I'm sorry. I'm afraid you have the wrong number.)C
(對不起你一定是撥錯了號碼。)C

 

 

 

 

A:

Is this 123-4567?
(這是不是 123-4567?)

 

 

 

 

B:

No, it's not (or it isn't). This is 321-4567.
(不,不是。這裡是 321-4567。)C

 

 

 

(4)

A:

Have you had breakfast?
(你有沒有吃過早飯?)

 

 

 

 

B:

No, I haven't had (or I've not had) it yet.
(我還沒吃。)C

 

6.

簡答句 (詳閱 p.94) 裡若是肯定,不可用省略式,否定則可。  如:

 

 

(1)

A:

Is that your mother?C
(那是不是你母親?)

 

 

 

B:

 Yes,

 it's.  (×)C

  (是的。)

 it is.  ()

 

 

 

or:

 No,

 it isn't.  ()

  (不是的。)

 it's not.  ()

 

 

(2)

A:

Has Sunny come yet?
(桑妮已經來了沒有?)

 

 

 

B:

 Yes,

 she's.  (×)

  (她已經來了。)C

 she has.  ()

 

 

 

or:

 No,

 she hasn't.  ()

  (她還沒來。)C

 she's not.  ()

 

 

(3)

A:

Will she lend the money to you?
(她願不願意把錢借給你?)C

 

 

 

B:

 Yes,

 she'll. (×)

  (她願意。)

 she will. ()

 

 

 

or:

No, She won't.  (她不願意。)C

 

()

如果答句中並未止於助動詞,後面還接有其他詞語 (不定詞等),即使是肯定也可用省略式。  如:C

 

 

A:

Would you like to come with us?
(你想不想和我們一起去?)

 

 

B:

I'd like to very much (or I'd love to).
(我非常想。)C

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