用對搭配詞 說英文自然流暢

更新日期:2009/02/28 03:06 ◎文/Lily章

原 來學英文也要搭配!搭配記憶這是一般學英語的人的最大罩門。搭配英文叫做collocation,co是一起,location是位置,加起來,簡單來 說,就是擺在一起,有些字天生就是和另外一些字擺在一起的,中文也是這樣,例如我們說一匹馬,不說一匹人;高談闊論,不說高講闊論。這就是「搭配詞」!  搭配詞用得好會讓語言道地與流暢。我們講中文不會有問題,但當使用英文時,就常會「搭錯」詞。像中文的「開支票」,但在英文卻不是open a check,而是write a check!又如中文的「濃茶」,英文不是thick tea,而是strong tea。不必問為什麼,即便是中文,不是語言學家也說不出個所以然,這種約定成俗的表達,在上下文關係(context)裡學,速度最快。

英語的字詞搭配概分為幾類:

(一) 動詞+介系詞:

動詞與介系詞的搭配最複雜,因為動詞後面用不同介系詞,意思就不同。有時中文看來不必加介系詞,像「恭喜你升官了」說成 I congratulate your promotion. 中文看起來很合理,但錯就錯在介系詞。介系詞是大部份人最頭痛的錯(X)。

●「恭喜你成功了」要說成 I congratulate you on(X:for)your promotion.;

●「提醒他某事」remind him of something (of經常被忽略掉);

●「被控告貪污」be accused of(X:for)corruption;

●「提供你某些資訊」provide you for/with some information (for和with常被忽略)。

(二) 名詞+介系詞:

介 系詞為什麼那麼令人頭痛,因為無法可循。例如「一張美金500元的支票」要說a check for US$500,這個 for 很多學生會受中文思維的影響,而X用 with 或 of。其他像 meeting 前該用什麼介系詞,level 前用 on 或 at, hospital前要用什麼介系詞等等,都是很容易出錯的。此類誤用的介系詞頗多,不勝枚舉。

●「500元的支票」a check for(X:of)$500;

●「問題的答案」key to (X:of)the answer;

●「UK是United Kingdom的縮寫」UK is an abbreviation for(X:of)United Kingdom;

●「對社會冷漠」apathy toward(s)(X:for)society

(三) 動詞+名詞:

我們受中文母語影響常犯的錯誤很多。建議各位閱讀時,要把名詞和把前面常搭配的動詞一起記。

●「開燈」put on / turn on / switch on(X:open)the light;

●「關燈」put off / turn off / switch off(X:close) the light;

●「洗衣服」do laundry(X:wash);

●「接電話」answer(X:receive)the phone;

●「開支票」make out / write (out)(X:open)a check;

●「舉例」cite /give / provide(X:raise)an example;

●「提出辭呈」hand in / submit /tender(X:raise) one's resignation;

●「度過難關」get over / overcome / tide over(X:cross) one,s difficulties;

●「提出申請」file / make / send in / submit(X:raise) an application;

●「犯錯」 make(X:do) a mistake;

●「打太極拳」do(X:play) Taichi;

●「養成好習慣」cultivate / develop / form / foster a good habit;

●「革除壞習慣」break / break off /drop / shake off a bad habit;

●「解渴」quench one,s thirst;

●「旁聽一門課」 audit / sit in on a course;

●「畫妝」wear make-up。

(四) 形容詞+名詞:

英語中相當多的名詞,其前面常使用特定的形容詞。

●「交通擁擠」busy / congested / heavy(X:crowded)traffic;

●「濃茶」strong(X:thick / mighty)tea;

●「淡茶」weak(X:thin / feeble)tea;

●「紅茶」black(X:red)tea;

●「空頭支票」a bad / rubber(X:empty)check;

●「紀錄片」a documentary(X:record)film等。

Collocation exercise

這裡每一個搭配都有一個錯,請你挑出錯的那一個,想一想,為什麼錯了。

1. Right collocates of pay

a. pay a visit         b. pay lip service

c. pay a compliment       d. pay attention

e. pay an offer         f. pay a price

2. Right collocates of give

a. give a boost         b. give voice

c. give an impression      d. give the risk

e. give credibility       f. give evidence

3. Right collocates of fall (prepositions + nouns)

a. fall in love         b. fall to drink

c. fall for someone       d. fall from grace

e. fall in profits       f. fall into place

4. Right collocates of fall

a. fall apart b. fall foul

c. fall victim d. fall asleep

e. fall prey f. fall accident

5. Right collocates of turn (nouns)

a. turn a blind eye b. turn a profit

c. turn a deaf ear       d. turn justice

e. turn the tide        f. turn the tables

6. Right collocates of get (past participles with passive meaning)

a. get won           b. get drunk

c. get lost           d. get involved

e. get beaten          f. get infected

7. Right collocates of get (uncountable nouns)

a. get attention        b. get place

c. get information       d. get help

e. get enjoyment        f. get preference

8. Right collocates of get (adjectives / adverbs)

a. get ready          b. get sick

c. get ratty          d. get old

e. get apart

9. Right collocates of come

a. come bad           b. come amiss

c. come here          d. come good

e. come of age         f. come right

10. Right collocates of go (adverbs / adjectives)

a. go far            b. go there

c. go wrong           d. go good

e. go ahead           f. go astray

11. Right collocates of go

a. go bankrupt b. go cap in hand

c. go crazy d. go hungry

e. go sane f. go your own way

12. Right collocates of pass (nouns)

a. pass an exam b. pass the ball

c. pass the time d. pass judgment

e. pass a law f. pass a decision

(答案在本版右下角)

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●Outlier (Malcolm Gladwell)

今天要介紹給讀者的是Malcolm Gladwell的新書《Outlier:the story of success》,中文譯成《異數》。它可不是老生常談勵志的感人的成功故事,Gladwell是個很有意思的人,他總能看到別人看不到的,想別人不能想的。就像,微軟的比爾蓋茲和蘋果的賈伯斯生在同一年:1955年,你可不要以為這是歷史的巧合。不只是這兩人,科技大亨非生在這時候不可。

1975年適逢個人電腦誕生,畢業很多年了的老鳥,房子買了,老婆娶了,可能還準備養小孩,怎有可能放棄穩定工作,把前途押寶在玩具一般的個人電腦?年紀太小也沒搞頭。

能擁抱75年電腦革命潮,不能太老,又不能太小,最理想的年齡則是20或21歲,亦即是1954年或1955年出生的人。也就是說,即使你具有像比爾蓋茲或史提夫.賈伯斯那樣的的天份,想成為異數,你還得生對時間!不信,你看還有哪些人生那一、兩年。

Bill Gates : Oct. 28 1955 (微軟創辦人)

Paul Allen:Jan. 21 1953 (微軟創辦人)

Steve Jobs:Feb. 24 1955 (蘋果電腦執行長)

Eric Schmidt:Apr. 27 1955 (Google CEO)

Scott McNealy:Nov. 13 1954 (昇陽電腦總裁)

Vinod Khosla:Jan. 28 1955 (昇陽電腦創辦人)

Andy Bechtolsheim:Sep. 30 1955 (Google第一位投資人)

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白領英文天天用

學英文人都有這樣的經驗:話到嘴邊就是少一句。有一些話,你一定要把它變成「嘴邊字」,掛在嘴邊,能夠脫口而出……

1. He is bouncy."精力充沛"我們想當然耳就是energy或energetic,老美比較常用:"He is bouncy."另一個久仰,用"I get mind of you"比"I heard a lot about you."簡單又輕鬆得多。

2. Did you get lost? 有人開會遲到了,用"You are late.",聽起來好像是講一句廢話。講"Did you get lost?"有點像中文的,還找不到地方啊!但不要說成"get lost",因為這是叫人滾的意思。

3. You,re in the pink! 紅光滿面,中文說人氣色好用「紅」,英文用「粉紅」。說人"You look fine!"也可以,若用"You,re in the pink!"就妙得多了,顏色會讓形象更生動。 但不要用錯了,用成"in the red",就是出現赤字,the company is in the red,是指公司虧損當中。

4. Do you have the time? 別人問你的意見,能夠關個門、開個窗,你不想做,直接說"You can do that."就太白了,用一句"Do you have the time?"文雅得多。

5. I would rather not say. 總有一些問題是我們不想答的,如果有人問到你不想回答的問題,不要用"It's my secret, don,t ask such a personal question."回答,原來沒什麼事,馬上就陷入僵局。用"I would rather not say.",相當於中文,就別問了吧!。

6. It,s on the tip of my tongue. 常常想說什麼,就是想不起來,你可以用"Well…"、"Let me see."、"Just a moment."或"It,s on the tip of my tongue."等。前面幾個你都用過了,現在就用最後一個吧。

7. While I remember…談話時,從一個話題轉到另一個,我們比較熟悉的是"By the way",其實,"To change the subject"、"Before I forget"、"While I remember"、"Mind you"都是好用又道地的表達。

8."at the end of the day" 事情都講完了,所有的因素都考慮進去了,我們最常用的to sum up或after all。有一個很好用的成語,叫at the end of the day,意思是when all is taken into consideration(當一切都考慮進去時,即分析了各種可能性後得出結論)。像At the end of the day, it's his responsibility, and there,s nothing you can do. 不管怎麼說,這是他的責任,你一點兒辦法也沒有。

9."on top of that"也是老外的口頭禪之一。是"除了……之外(in addition to)"的意思,He lost his job and on top of that his wife left him.

(他丟了工作,更糟的是,連老婆也跑了。)

Debug

有些英文錯誤並不是文法錯誤,而是老外真的不會那麼說。

Debug :

1. Is your work busy?

2. I am going to a picnic.

3. I am a bit in a hurry.

4. What is Japan interesting?

5. I,ll date her out next week.

6. My house is to ten minute of her.

7. I had told you I am from Taiwan.

8. How do you think to learn the English?

9. Would you please don,t ask me this question, OK?

10. I,m heard music.

Debugged :

1. Do you have a busy job ?

2. I am going on a picnic.

3. I am in a bit of a hurry.

4. What is in Japan interesting?

5. I,ll take her out on a date next week?

6. It is a ten minute drive from my house to hers.

7. I have told you before that I am from Taiwan.

8. What is your point on learning English?

9. Would you please not ask me this question, OK?

10. I am listening to some music now.

以上「企業英語教室」由世界公民文化中心提供

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