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Danger in the Salad Bowl 誰知盤中飧,樣樣皆危險?





New research gives you a reason not to eat your greens.
新的研究發現給了你不吃青菜的原因。

  When you think of high-risk foods, the first thing that may come to mind is the beef imported from the US because of mad cow disease or the highly poisonous blowfish in Japan. However, a new study suggests that the riskiest foods are _(1)_ closer to home. A recent report _(2)_ by the American consumer watchdog, the Center for Science in the Public Interest, names the 10 foods which have caused the largest number of food poisoning cases in the US. The guilty foods are almost all _(3)_ to the American diet, and some are quite surprising.
  Leafy greens, such as lettuce, top the list. According to the report, leafy greens have been linked to more than 350 food poisoning _(4)_, affecting more than 13,000 people between 1990 and 2006. The problem is that the leaves can become _(5)_, often with the dangerous E. coli bacteria (大腸桿菌), and can cross-contaminate other foods. Some of the other risky foods are _(6)_ surprising. It is well known that eggs, number two on the list, can carry salmonella (沙門氏菌). Oysters are all the way up at number four _(7)_ being only a small part of most people's diets. However, the other foods listed include such staples as potatoes, which caused _(8)_ 4,000 cases of food poisoning.
  The full list also includes tuna, ice cream, cheese, tomatoes, bean sprouts, and berries. Although poor hygiene and lack of cleaning are usually the causes of the problem _(9)_ the actual food, these statistics are worrying. The US has a huge and complex food chain, and it is very easy for bacteria like salmonella or E. coli to enter the _(10)_. While part of the problem is solvable through legislation, the real solution is to wash and prepare everything you eat carefully.

(A) instead of (B) infected (C) far (D) nearly (E) cycle (F) released (G) outbreaks (H) less (I) central (J) in spite of
原來如此 


1. However, a new study suggests that the riskiest foods are far closer to home.
理由:
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 are,空格後則有比較級形容詞 closer(比較近的),可知空格內應置入可修飾比較級形容詞的副詞。
b. 在所有選項中,為副詞的有 (C) far(非常)、(D) nearly(幾乎)及 (H) less(較少地),然僅 far 可修飾比較級形容詞,置入後亦符合語意,故選 (C)。
c. 可用來修飾比較級形容詞或副詞的通常有下列 6 個副詞:
far, much, a lot, a great deal, still, even。
例: Mary is far more talented in music than her sister.
(瑪麗比她姊姊更有音樂天分。)

2. A recent report released by the American consumer watchdog...names the 10 foods which have caused the largest number of food poisoning cases in the US.
理由:
a. 本句為有主詞 A recent report(近來的一份報告),動詞 names(列舉)以及受詞 the 10 foods...(10 種……的食物)的完整句構,由此可知,空格應置入分詞形成分詞片語,作形容詞用,以修飾其前的主詞。且由空格後的介詞片語 by the American consumer watchdog(由美國消費者權益保護機構)可知,空格應置入表被動語態的過去分詞。
b. 選項中為過去分詞的有 (B) infected(被污染的)及 (F) released(被發表的),然僅 (F) 置入後符合語意,表最近由美國消費者權益保護機構科學公益中心『所發表的』一份報告中,列出在美國引發最多食物中毒案件的 10 大食物,故選 (F)。
c. release vt. 發表,透露(消息)
例: The authorities have just released the names of the victims killed in the plane crash.
(有關當局剛剛發佈一份飛機失事的罹難者名單。)

3. The guilty foods are almost all central to the American diet, and some are quite surprising.
理由:
a. 空格前有 be 動詞 are,之後有介詞 to,可知空格內應置入形容詞或分詞。
b. 符合上述的選項有 (B) infected(受污染的)、(H) less(較少的)及 (I) central(主要的),然僅 central 置入後符合語意,表這些毒食品幾乎全都是美國人飲食中的『主要』食物,故選 (I)。
c. central a. 主要的,很重要的
be central to...  為……的核心;對……是很重要的
例: My mother is central to keeping our family together.
(我媽媽是維繫我們全家的重心。)

4. ..., leafy greens have been linked to more than 350 food poisoning outbreaks, affecting more than 13,000 people between 1990 and 2006.
理由:
a. 空格前有名詞詞組 350 food poisoning(350 起食物中毒),可作形容詞用,可知空格應置入名詞或副詞。
b. 符合上述的選項有 (D) nearly(幾乎)、(E) cycle(循環)及 (G) outbreaks(爆發),然僅 (G) 置入後符合語意,表在 1990 至 2006 年間,綠葉蔬菜與 350 多起食物中毒『爆發』的案例有關,影響了 1 萬 3 千多人,故選之。
c. outbreak n.(疾病等的)爆發
例: After the river flooded, there was an outbreak of typhoid fever in the town.
(那座城鎮在洪水氾濫後爆發了傷寒。)

5. The problem is that the leaves can become infected, often with the dangerous E. coli bacteria, ...
理由:
a. 空格前有不完全不及物動詞 become,因此空格應置入形容詞或分詞。
b. 選項中為形容詞或分詞的有 (H) less(較少的)及 (B) infected(受污染的),置入後亦符合語意,表葉菜類會『受到污染』,而且會交叉污染其他食物,故選之。
c. infect vt. 使污染;使感染
be infected with...  感染到……
例: Many people in this area have been infected with the flu.
(這一區有很多人都染上流感。)

6. Some of the other risky foods are less surprising.
理由:
a. 空格之前有 be 動詞 are,空格後則有形容詞 surprising(令人意外的),可知空格內應填入副詞以修飾形容詞 surprising。
b.選項中為副詞的尚有 (D) nearly(幾乎)及 (H) less(較不),然僅 (H) 置入後符合語意,表有些危險食物則『較不』那麼令人意外,故選之。
c. less + 原級形容詞或副詞  較不……
例: It is no less difficult to learn Italian than French.
(義大利文就和法文一樣難學。)

7. Oysters are all the way up at number four in spite of being only a small part of most people's diets.
理由:
a. 空格前為完整的句構,其後有動名詞 being,可知空格應置入介詞或片語介詞,以形成介詞片語,作副詞用,修飾其前的主要子句。
b. 符合上述的選項有 (A) instead of(而非)及 (J) in spite of(儘管),然僅 (J) 置入後符合語意,表『儘管』大多數人吃的數量不多,牡蠣還是一路超越其他食物,位居第四,故選之。
c. in spite of...  儘管∕雖然……
例: In spite of being short, Kevin still looks very handsome.
(雖然個子不高,凱文看起來仍很帥氣。)

8. ...include such staples as potatoes, which caused nearly 4,000 cases of food poisoning.
理由:
a. 空格前有及物動詞 caused(引起),之後有名詞詞組 4,000 cases of food poisoning( 4 千起食物中毒的案例),可知空格內應置入可修飾數字的副詞。
b. 符合上述的選項僅剩 (D) nearly(幾乎、將近),置入後亦符合語意,表其他榜上有名的還包括像是馬鈴薯等主食,引起了『將近』4 千起食物中毒的案例,故選之。
c. nearly adv. 幾乎,將近
例:Nearly 200 students from our school passed the entrance exam.
(我們學校將近有 200 位學生通過入學考試。)

9. Although poor hygiene and lack of cleaning are usually the cause of the problem instead of the actual food, these statistics are worrying.
理由:
a. 空格前為完整的句構,其後有名詞詞組 the actual food(食物本身),可知空格應置入介詞或片語介詞,以形成介詞片語,作副詞用,修飾其前的主要子句。
b. 符合上述的選項僅剩有 (A) instead of(而非),置入後亦符合語意,故選之。
c. instead of...  而非……
例: What you should do is face your problems instead of avoiding them.
(你應該要做的是面對問題而不是逃避它們。)

10. ...it is very easy for bacteria like salmonella or E. coli to enter the cycle.
理由:
a. 空格前有定冠詞 the,可知空格應置入名詞。
b. 僅剩的選項 (E) cycle(循環)為名詞,置入後亦符合語意,表美國的食物鏈既龐大又複雜,像沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌等病菌很容易就進入這個『循環』中,故選之。
c. cycle n. 循環,週期
例: The cycle of seasons is not obvious in Taiwan.
(四季的循環在台灣並不明顯。)
精解字詞片語 


1. come to mind  浮現在腦海中
例: It just came to mind that I'd forgotten my friend's birthday.
(我剛想起來我忘記朋友的生日了。)

2. import vt. 進口,引進
expor vt. 出口,輸出
例: Mr. Lin imports coffee from Indonesia into Taiwan.
(林先生從印尼進口咖啡到台灣。)

3. guilty a. 有過失的;有罪的
be guilty of...  有……的罪
例: The evidence shows that Gary is guilty of robbing the bank.
(證據顯示蓋瑞犯下搶劫銀行的罪行。)

4. top vt. 位居……的首位;凌駕,超過
top the list  在名單上位居第一名
例: Our company's sales topped those of our main rival's.
(我們公司的銷售量超過我們的主要競爭對手。)

5. be linked to + N/V-ing  和……有關
例: Premature aging and other health problems are linked to worrying too much.
(提早老化及其他健康問題均與煩惱過度有密切關係。)

6. affect vt.(疾病)侵襲;影響
例: The disease affects the central nervous system.
(這種疾病會侵害中樞神經系統。)
例: Don't let his criticism affect your mood.
(別讓他的批評影響你的心情。)

7. cross-contaminate vt. 交叉污染
contaminate vt. 污染
例: Chemical waste from the factory was contaminating the river nearby.
(那間工廠排放的化學廢棄物污染了附近的河川。)

8. complex a. 複雜的
= complicated a.
例: The doctor's explanation was too complex for me to understand.
(那位醫師的解釋太過複雜了,我無法了解。)
單字小舖 


1. bowl n. 碗
2. high-risk a. 高風險的
3. mad cow disease  狂牛症
4. poisonous a. 有毒的
5. blowfish n. 河豚
6. risky a. 有風險的
7. watchdog n. 監察委員會,監察人員
8. leafy a. 多葉的
9. lettuce n. 生菜,萵苣
10. E. coli bacteria  大腸桿菌
* E. coli 為 Escherichia coli 的縮寫。
11. salmonella n. 沙門氏菌
12. oyster n. 蠔,牡蠣
13. staple n. 主食
14. tuna n. 鮪魚
15. bean sprout n. 豆芽
16. hygiene n. 衛生
17. statistic n. 統計數字(常用複數)
18. food chain n. 食物鏈
19. solvable a. 可以解決的
20. legislation n. 立法,法律
中文翻譯&標準答案 


  當你想到高危險的食物,第一個浮現腦海的會是從狂牛症疫區的美國所進口的牛 肉,或是日本含有劇毒的河豚。然而,一項新的研究顯示最危險的食物就近在家中。最近由美國消費者權益保護機構『科學公益中心』所發表的一份報告中,列出在 美國引發最多食物中毒案件的 10 大食物。這些『毒』食品幾乎全都是美國人飲食中的主要食物,有些被點名的食物讓人大感意外。
  像萵苣這類綠葉蔬菜位居榜首。根據這份報告,在 1990 至 2006 年間,綠葉蔬菜與 350 多起食物中毒的案例有關,影響了 1 萬 3 千多人。問題在於葉菜類會受到污染(通常是危險的大腸桿菌),而且會交叉污染其他食物。而有些危險食物則比較不那麼令人意外。像是眾所皆知可能含有沙門氏 菌的蛋便位居第二。而儘管大多數人吃的數量不多,牡蠣還是一路超越其他食物,位居第四。不過其他榜上有名的還包括像是馬鈴薯等主食,引起了將近 4 千起食物中毒的病例。
  完整的名單包括鮪魚、冰淇淋、乳酪、蕃茄、豆芽以及漿果類。雖然衛生不佳和缺乏清潔而非食物本身通常才是真正引發問題的原因,但這些數據資料還是叫人 擔憂。美國的食物鏈既龐大又複雜,像沙門氏菌和大腸桿菌等病菌很容易就進入這個循環中。雖然透過立法能解決部分問題,但根本解決之道是仔細清理及烹煮送進 口中的每樣東西。

標準答案: 1. (C) 2. (F) 3. (I)4. (G)5. (B) 6. (H)7. (J)8. (D)9. (A)10. (E)







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