二、間接敘述 (Indirect Speech or Reported Speech)
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1.
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間接敘述的定義:
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2.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,連接詞之使用:
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3.
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引述動詞之使用及其位置:
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4.
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疑問句在間接敘述與直接敘述裡字序之不同:
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5.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,人稱代名詞之改變:
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6.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,this 和 these 之改變:
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7.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,時間副詞與地方副詞之改變:
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8.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,動詞的時態之變與不變:
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9.
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引述動詞是過去式時,助動詞之變與不變:
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1.
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原則上由現在式改為過去式。 如:
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2.
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若直接敘述裡所談的到現在引述時仍然是事實,間接敘述裡仍用現在式。 如:
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3.
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Shall I/we...? 有各種不同的含義,因此在間接敘述裡也有各種不同的改變:C
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4.
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must可以保持不變,但由於有多種作用,因而可能有其他詞語可以代替。C
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5.
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need 的變與不變:
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6.
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could 的變與不變:
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7.
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should/ought to 的變與不變:
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8.
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might 的變與不變:
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9.
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had better/used to 保持不變:
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10.
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表示 “命令、請求、勸告” 的句子之轉變:
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11.
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示 “建議” 的祈使句或疑問句之轉變 —— 除了可以轉換成 that 子句外,也可以轉換成動名詞。 如:
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12.
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“let+O. (第三人稱)+無 to不定詞” 之轉變:
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13.
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感歎句之轉變:
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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14.
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祈願句之轉變:
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間接敍述裡的引述動詞用 pray 或 wish,後接“that...might...”或“O.+to ~”或“O.+名詞”。 如:
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(1)
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直:
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He said, “God bless this child!” (他說:“願上帝保佑這孩子!”)C
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間:
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He prayed that God might bless that child.
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(他祈禱上帝保佑那孩子。)C
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He wished to God that He might bless that child.
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He prayed God to bless that child.C
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(2)
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直:
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He said, “May you be happy!” (他說: “祝你們快樂!”)C
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間:
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He expressed his wish that we might be happy. He wished us happiness. (他祝福我們快樂。)C
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(3)
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直:
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He said, “Good luck!” (他說,“祝你好運!”)
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間:
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He wished me luck. (他祝我好運。)C
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15.
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直接敘述裡的兩個敘述句或一個合句在間接敘述裡之轉變:
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直接敘述裡若是兩個敘述句,或是由對等連接詞 and 或 but 連接的兩個對等子句所組成的合句,在間接敘述裡即變成由and 或 but 連接的兩個 that 子句 (如He said that... and that...;He said that... but that...),其中的第一個 that 常被省略,第二個 that 通常都是保留的。 如:C
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(1)
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直:
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He said, “ It must be pretty late. I really must go.”C (他說, “現在一定不早了,我真的該走了。)C
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間:
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He said (that) it must be pretty late and that he really must (or had to) go. (他說現在一定很晚了,他真的該走了。)C
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(2)
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直:
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He said, “My father is a doctor. My mother is a teacher.”C (他說, “我爸爸是醫生, 我媽媽是教員。”)C
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間:
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He said (that) his father was a doctor and that his mother was a teacher.C (他說他的父親是醫生,他的母親是教員。)C
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(3)
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直:
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He said, “I'm excited about my new job, and I've found a nice apartment.” (他說, “我對我的新工作感到非常滿意,而且我已經找到了一間很好的公寓。”)C
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間:
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He said (that) he was excited about his new job, and that he'd found a nice apartment. (他說他對他的新工作感到非常滿意,又說他已經找到了一間很好的公寓。)
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(4)
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直:
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“You never listen to your mother,” she said in a complaining tone, “and it's a bit hard after all the trouble I've had bringing you up.”C (“你們從不聽媽媽的,” 她以抱怨的聲調說, “而我費盡心血把你們扶養長大你們卻這 樣真令人有點痛心。”)C
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間:
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She complained to her children that they never listen to her and that it was a bit hard after all the trouble she had had bringing them up.C (她向她的孩子們抱怨說他們從不聽她的,並且說她費盡了心血把他們扶養長大他們居然這樣真令她有點痛心。)
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本例中的 trouble 之後省略了做 have had (had had) 受詞的關係代名詞 that。此種 “have+O.+ing” 的結構可參閱 p.714 註。
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(5)
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直:
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He said, “I'll come to the meeting but I can't stay for more than an hour.” (他說, “我會來開會的,但是停留的時間不能超過一小時。”)C
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間:
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He said (that) he'd come (or go) to the meeting but that he couldn't stay for more than an hour.C (他說他要來〔去〕開會,但停留的時間不能超過一小時。)C
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(註)
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直接敘述裡雖然是兩個單句,但兩者之間有因果關係時,間接敘述裡可以變成由一個主要子句 (表結果) 和一個從屬子句 (表原因) 所組成的複句,或由對等連接詞 for連接而成的合句 (但 for 之後不可有連接詞 that)。 如:C
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①
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直:
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He said, “ Mary always gets the best grades in the class. She studies very hard.”C (他說, “瑪麗在班上總是獲得最高分。她非常用功。”)C
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間:
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He said Mary always got the best grades in the class, because she studied very hard.C (他說瑪麗在班上總是獲得最高分,因為她非常用功。)C
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②
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直:
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“You'd better wear a coat. It's very cold outside,” he said.C (“你最好穿上外套。外面很冷,” 他說。)C
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間:
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He advised me to wear a coat as it was very cold outside.C (因為外面很冷他建議我穿上外套。)C
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③
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直:
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“You'd better not walk across the park alone. People have been mugged there,” he said. (“你最好別單獨穿越公園。有人在那兒被搶過,” 他說。)C
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間:
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He warned her not to walk across the park alone as people had been mugged there. (因為有人在那兒被搶過他警告她別單獨穿越公園。)C
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④
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直:
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He said to me, “It must have rained in the night. The ground is wet.”C (他跟我說: “夜裡一定下雨了。地上是濕的。”)
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間:
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He told me that it must have rained in the night, for the ground was wet. (他告訴我夜裡一定下雨了,因為地上是濕的。)C
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for 子句是對於前面子句所作的推測提出 “證據”。
第五篇 動 詞
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第八章 直接敘述與間接敘述 (Direct Speech and Indirect Speech)
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二、間接敘述 (Indirect Speech or Reported Speech)
|
1.
|
間接敘述的定義:
|
2.
|
直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,連接詞之使用:
|
3.
|
引述動詞之使用及其位置:
|
4.
|
疑問句在間接敘述與直接敘述裡字序之不同:
|
5.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,人稱代名詞之改變:
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6.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,this 和 these 之改變:
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7.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,時間副詞與地方副詞之改變:
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8.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,動詞的時態之變與不變:
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9.
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引述動詞是過去式時,助動詞之變與不變:
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|
1.
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原則上由現在式改為過去式。 如:
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|
2.
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若直接敘述裡所談的到現在引述時仍然是事實,間接敘述裡仍用現在式。 如:
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|
3.
|
Shall I/we...? 有各種不同的含義,因此在間接敘述裡也有各種不同的改變:
|
|
4.
|
must可以保持不變,但由於有多種作用,因而可能有其他詞語可以代替。C
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5.
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need 的變與不變:
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6.
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could 的變與不變:
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7.
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should/ought to 的變與不變:
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8.
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might 的變與不變:
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9.
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had better/used to 保持不變:
|
10.
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表示 “命令、請求、勸告” 的句子之轉變:
|
11.
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示 “建議” 的祈使句或疑問句之轉變 —— 除了可以轉換成 that 子句外,也可以轉換成動名詞。 如:
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12.
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“let+O. (第三人稱)+無 to不定詞” 之轉變:
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13. |
感歎句之轉變: |
14. |
祈願句之轉變: |
15.
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直接敘述裡的兩個敘述句或一個合句在間接敘述裡之轉變:
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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16.
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直接敍述裡的兩個疑問句在間接敍述裡之轉變:
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(提
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示)
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(a)
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引述動詞用 ask, inquire, wonder 或 want to know。
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(b)
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原疑問句變成由疑問詞 (when, where, why, how, which, what, whether, if) 引領的名詞子句。
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(c)
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原疑問句若有疑問詞,用原有的疑問詞;若無,用whether 或 if。如果原句裡已經有表示條件的 if,則用whether。
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(d)
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兩個名詞子句用連接詞 and 或 or 連接起來。C
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(1)
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直:
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“Where do these flowers grow? Are they very rare?” he said to me.C (“這些花在哪兒生長的? 它們是不是非常罕見?” 他對我說。)C
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間:
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He asked me where the (these, those) flowers grew, and whether (if) they were very rare.C (他問我這些花在哪兒生長的,它們是不是非常罕見。)C
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(2)
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直:
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“How long have you been able to play the piano? Can you play any other instrument?” he asked me.C (“你會彈鋼琴有多久了? 你會不會演奏其他樂器?” 他問我。)C
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間:
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He inquired how long I had been able to play the piano and if (whether) I could play any other instrument.C (他問我會彈鋼琴有多久了,以及我會不會演奏其他樂器。)C
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(3)
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直:
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“Must you do it all tonight? Couldn't you leave some for tomorrow?” I asked her.C (“你今晚是不是必須全部做完?你不能留點到明天嗎?” 我問她。)C
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間:
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I asked her if she had to do it all that night or if she couldn't leave some for the following day.C (我問她那天晚上是不是必須全部做完,或者是否她不能留些到第二天。)C
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(4)
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直:
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He said, “Is this your new pen? Does it write well?” (他說, “這是不是你的新筆? 它好不好寫?”)
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間:
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He asked me whether it (that, this) was my new pen and whether it wrote well. (他問我這是不是我的新筆,它好不好寫。)C
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(5)
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直:
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“How old are you? Where are you from?” the old lady said to the little boy. (“你多大了? 你從哪兒來的?” 這位老婦人對那小男孩說。)C
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間:
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The old lady wondered (or wanted to know) how old the little boy was and where he was from.C (這位老婦人想知道那小男孩多大了以及從哪兒來的。)
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