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二、間接敘述 (Indirect Speech or Reported Speech)
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1.
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間接敘述的定義：
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2.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，連接詞之使用：
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3.
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引述動詞之使用及其位置：
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4.
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疑問句在間接敘述與直接敘述裡字序之不同：
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5.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，人稱代名詞之改變：
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6.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，this 和 these 之改變：
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7.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，時間副詞與地方副詞之改變：
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8.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時，動詞的時態之變與不變：
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9.
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引述動詞是過去式時，助動詞之變與不變：
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1.
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原則上由現在式改為過去式。 如：
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2.
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若直接敍述裡所談的到現在引述時仍然是事實，間接敍述裡仍用現在式。 如：
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3.
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Shall I/we...? 有各種不同的含義，因此在間接敍述裡也有各種不同的改變：
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4.
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must可以保持不變，但由於有多種作用，因而可能有其他詞語可以代替。
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A.
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表示 “必要 (necessary)”—— 中文所謂的 “必要” 可能具有以下各種作用：
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a.
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表示長久的指令或轉述某一項規定——間接敍述裡依然用 must。 如：
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b.
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表示非立即的、非近期的或時間未確定的未來——此種作用的 must 相當於 will have to， 因此在間接敍述裡通常都轉換成 would have to。 如：
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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ｃ.
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表示 “立即的” 或 “限時的”必要——除了must可以維持不變外，還可用 had to 代替。若非由於外在因素而是說話者自覺有此必要，也可用 would have to (had to既可指由於外在因素而必要，也可指說話者自覺有此必要)。 如：
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(1)
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直：
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He said, “I must go now. I have a class in ten minutes.”
(他說， “我必須馬上走，再過十分鐘我要上課。”)
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間：
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He said he must (or had to) go straight away, because he had a class in ten minutes.
(他說他必須立刻走，因爲再過十分鐘他要上課。)
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“because ...minutes”即是表示“由於外在因素”， 但不屬於上述“b”裡的情況， 不要用would have to。
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(2)
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直：
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He said, “I must be home by eight. I'm expecting an extremely important telephone call at eight.”
(他說， “我必須在八點以前到家，因爲我在等八點的一個極爲重要的電話。”)
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間：
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He said he must (or had to) be home by eight, because he was expecting an extremely important telephone call at eight.
(他說他最遲八點必須到家，因為他在等八點的一個極為重要的電話。)
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(3)
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直：
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Tom said, “If you want to stay on here, you must work harder.”
(湯姆說， “如果你想繼續留在這兒，你必須更努力地工作。
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間：
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Tom said that if she wanted to stay on there, she must (or would have to) work harder.
(湯姆說如果她想繼續留在那兒，她必須更加努力工作。)
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用 must 是表示 Tom 堅持要她更努力工作，等於 Tom 發出指令；若用 would have to 是湯姆認為有此必要。
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(4)
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直：
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“Must you go so soon?” I said.
(“你是不是必須這麽快就要走?” 我說。)
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間：
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I asked him if he had to go so soon.
(我問他是否必須那麽快就要走。)
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在疑問句裡，must 通常都是指現在或不久的未來，所以通常都變成 had to。
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d.
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表示主觀認為必要的 must 依然用 must，若是主觀認為不可以的 “I/we must not” 依然用 “must not”。 至於 “you/he must not” 除了仍可用 must not 外，也可用 “weren't/wasn't (+不定詞)”。——後者是說話者轉述他人的指令 (參閱第三冊 p.30A)。 如：
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(1)
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直：
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“We must have a party to celebrate this,” he said.
(“我們必須舉行慶祝會。” 他說。)
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間：
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He said that they (we) must have a party to celebrate it.
(他說他們〔我們〕必須舉行慶祝會。)
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(2)
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直：
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“I mustn't leave my car unlocked,” he said to himself. “This place is full of thieves.”
(“我不可以讓汽車不上鎖。” 他心裡想。“這地方儘是小偷。”)
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間：
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He told himself that he mustn't leave his car unlocked because the place was full of thieves.
(他心裡想不可以讓汽車不上鎖，因為那兒儘是小偷。)
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(3)
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直：
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“You mustn't repeat this to anyone,” he said.
(“你不可以向任何人重提此事，” 他說。)
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間：
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He said I mustn't repeat (or wasn't to repeat) it to anyone.
(他說我不可以向任何人重提此事。)
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(4)
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直：
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He said, “In order to be a good salesclerk, you mustn't be rude to a customer.”
(他說， 為了要做個好店員，你對顧客不得無禮。”)
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間：
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He told me that in order to be a good salesclerk, I mustn't be (or wasn't to be) rude to a customer.
(他告訴我為了要做個好店員，對顧客不可以無禮。)
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(5)
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直：
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John's father said, “This is an opportunity that comes once in a lifetime. You mustn't let it pass.”
(約翰的爸爸說， “這是個你一生中只來一次的機會，你不可以讓它錯過。”)
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間：
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John's father told him that that was an opportunity that came once in a lifetime, so he mustn't let (or wasn't to let) it pass.
(約翰的爸爸告訴他那是個一生中只來一次的機會，所以他不可以錯過。)
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(註)
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表示 “勸告” 的must在間接敘述裡也可用 “urge+O.+不定詞” 的結構。 如：
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直：
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“You must take these steps,” he said.
(“你們必須採取這些措施。” 他說。)
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間：
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He urged that we must take the steps.
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or:
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He urged us to take the steps.
(他力勸我們採取那些措施。)
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