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主動詞之前形成動詞的否定、疑問、時態、語法、語態或表示特殊意義的動詞稱為助動詞。 如：
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am, is, are, was， were, have, has, had, do, does, did, shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, need, dare, used和had better.C
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1.
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助動詞的分類 —— 為了便於說明起見，本書將助動詞分成兩類：C
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1.
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兼用助動詞 —— 既可作助動詞用又可作主動詞用的動詞稱為兼用助動詞。計有：C
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am, is, are, was, were, have, has, had, do, does, did, need, dare, used。 如：
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助動詞
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主動詞
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(1)
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She is reading the newspaper.C
(她在看報。)
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She is a teacher.C
(她是教員。)
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(2)
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She does not speak English.C
(她不講英語。)
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She does her work carefully.C
(她工作很仔細。)
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(3)
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We have to eat to live.C
(我們必須為生而食。)
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I have a cold.
(我感冒。)
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(4)
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You needn't wait for me.C
(你不必等我。)
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You need a new coat.C
(你需要一件新外套。)
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(5)
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Dare you swim across?C
(你敢不敢游過去?)
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I dare you to do it!C
(量你也不敢!)
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(6)
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We used to live here.C
(我們過去住在這裡。)
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We used a knife to cut it.C
(我們用小刀切的。)
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2.
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專用助動詞 —— 只可作助動詞用不可作主動詞用的動詞稱為專用助動詞。計有：
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shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought, had better。 如：
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(1)
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She can speak English well.
(她英文說得很好。)C
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(2)
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This popular song may be heard everywhere.
(這首流行歌曲到處聽得到。)C
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(3)
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Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
(這類事情不該被許可，對不對?)
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第五篇 動 詞
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第九章 助動詞 (Auxiliary Verb)
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1.
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助動詞的分類
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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| 2. |
助動詞的特徵：
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1. |
專用助動詞沒有人稱與數的變化 —— 主詞是第三人稱單數時字尾不加 s。 如： |
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(1) |
I (or You, He, We, They) must work hard next term.C
(我〔你，他，我們，他們〕下學期必須努力讀書。)C
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(2) |
| You can swim and he |
cans (×)C |
swim, too. C |
| can (○)C | |
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(你會游泳，他也會游泳。)
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2. |
專用助動詞中除 ought 外都是接沒有to的不定詞。 如： |
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(1) |
| Boys will |
to be (×) |
boys. |
| be (○) | |
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(男孩子總是男孩子。—— 男孩子總是會淘氣的。)C
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(2) |
| “Shall I |
to be (×) |
in time?” he asked himself, looking at his watch.C |
| be (○) | |
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(“我會不會來得及呢?” 他問自己，接著看看薄C)C
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(3) |
| You |
ought study (×) |
hard. |
| ought to study (○) | |
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(你應該努力讀書。)
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3. |
兼用助動詞之後的不定詞 —— 有的有 to，有的則無。C |
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A.
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do 之後的不定詞沒有 to。 如：C
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(1) |
“Do write to me as often as you can,” said his wife.C
(“一定要膆i能地常給我寫信，” 他太太說。)C |
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(2) |
Why do you ask me? Why don't you ask your wife?C
(你為什麽問我? 為什麽不問你太太?)C |
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(3) |
She doesn't like wine, but she does like coffee.C
(她不喜歡葡萄酒，但很喜歡咖啡。)C |
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B.
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be, have 和 used 之後的不定詞有 to。 如：C
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(1) |
He said that if anyone rang up, I was to say he'd be back shortly.
(= He told me to say that he'd be back shortly if anyone rang up.)
(他說如果有人打電話來，我就說他會很快回來的。)C |
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(2) |
He had to go to the dentist the following day as he had an appointment.
(他因為有約第二天非去看牙醫不可。)C |
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(3) |
She used to dislike him but she quite likes him now.C
(她過去不喜歡他，但現在很喜歡他。)C |
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C.
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need 和 dare 之後接 not 以及放在主詞之前形成疑問句時，後接無 to 不定詞。 如：
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(1) |
I needn't get up till eight tomorrow.
(我明天不必在八點前起床。)C |
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(2) |
“Need I eat it all, Mummy?” said the child.C
(“我是不是要全吃完，媽咪?” 這孩子問。)C |
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“Yes, dear, you must, ” she said.
(“是的，親愛的，你必須吃完，” 她說。) |
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(3) |
A∶ |
Dare you swim across?
(你敢不敢遊過去?)C |
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B∶ |
I daren't do it. (我不敢。) |
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(註) |
與 do 結合時，need / dare 是主動詞而非助動詞，後接有 to 不定詞。 如： |
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① |
He didn't need to wait for me. (他不必等我。)C |
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② |
He doesn't dare (to) interrupt. (他不敢插嘴。) (參閱 p.778-3)C |
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4.
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所有助動詞之後接 not 形成了否定。 如：C
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(1) |
I cannot see the blackboard when I sit in the back now.C
(我坐在後排時看不見黑板。)D |
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can 的否定可以寫成 cannot, can not 或 can't。
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(2) |
I don't feel good. I think I'm catching a cold.
(我感覺不太好。我想我要感冒了。) |
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(3) |
She usedn't to like him but she quite likes him now. (= She used to dislike him ...)C
(她過去不喜歡他但現在很喜歡他。)C |
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(4) |
You had better not go there alone.
(你最好不要單獨去那兒。) | | | |
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第五篇 動 詞
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第九章 助動詞 (Auxiliary Verb)
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1.
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助動詞的分類
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2.
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助動詞的特徵：
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1.
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專用助動詞沒有人稱與數的變化——主詞是第三人稱單數時字尾不加 s。
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2.
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專用助動詞中除 ought 外都是接沒有to的不定詞。
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3.
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兼用助動詞之後的不定詞 —— 有的有 to，有的則無。
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4.
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所有助動詞之後接 not 形成了否定。 如：C
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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5.
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在口語中，助動詞通常都用省略式 (contraction) —— 參閱 p.113。C
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A.
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主詞和肯定的助動詞 (包括 be/have 動詞) 形成肯定的省略式 ——“'s”可能是 is，也可能是 has；“ 'd”可能是 had, 也可能是 would;“ 'll”可能是 shall，也可能是 will。 如：C
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(1)
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You'd (=You had) better ask him first.
(你最好先問他。)
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(2)
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I'd (= I would) rather read a book than go to class.C
(我寧願看書不願去上課。)C
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(3)
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He's (= He is) only joking. Don't believe him.
(他只是在開玩笑，別信他。)C
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(4)
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He's (= He has) had a lot of bad luck lately.
(最近他運氣糟透了。)C
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(5)
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I'll (= I shall) be 55 next week.
(下星期我就五十五歲了。)C
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(6)
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Don't bother. I'll (= I will) drive you.
(別擔心。我會開車送你。)
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B.
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在否定句裡，通常都是在助動詞的字尾加 n't 或 't 而成 —— be 和 have 既可和主詞合成一個字 (如 he's not seen it)也可和 not 合成一個字 (如 he hasn't seen it)。 如：C
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(1)
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The window can't be opened.
(這窗子打不開。)C
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(2)
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A：
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Why are you here so early?
(你為什麽來這麽早?)
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B：
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Sunny told me that the party started at seven o'clock.C
(桑妮告訴我聚會七點開始。)
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A：
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No, it doesn't start until eight o'clock. You must have misunderstood.
(不，八點才開始。你一定是誤會了。)
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(3)
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A：
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Hello, may I speak to Sunny?
(喂，我可不可以和桑妮講話?)C
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B：
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I'm sorry, You must have the wrong number (or I'm sorry. I'm afraid you have the wrong number.)C
(對不起你一定是撥錯了號碼。)C
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A：
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Is this 123-4567?
(這是不是 123-4567?)
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B：
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No, it's not (or it isn't). This is 321-4567.
(不，不是。這裡是 321-4567。)C
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(4)
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A：
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Have you had breakfast?
(你有沒有吃過早飯?)
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B：
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No, I haven't had (or I've not had) it yet.
(我還沒吃。)C
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6.
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簡答句 (詳閱 p.94) 裡若是肯定，不可用省略式，否定則可。 如：
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(1)
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A：
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Is that your mother?C
(那是不是你母親?)
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B：
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Yes,
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it's. (×)C
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(是的。)
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it is. (○)
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or：
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No,
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it isn't. (○)
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(不是的。)
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it's not. (○)
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(2)
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A：
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Has Sunny come yet?
(桑妮已經來了沒有?)
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B：
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Yes,
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she's. (×)
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(她已經來了。)C
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she has. (○)
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or:
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No,
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she hasn't. (○)
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(她還沒來。)C
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she's not. (○)
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(3)
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A：
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Will she lend the money to you?
(她願不願意把錢借給你?)C
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B：
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Yes,
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she'll. (×)
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(她願意。)
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she will. (○)
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or:
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No, She won't. (她不願意。)C
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(註)
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如果答句中並未止於助動詞，後面還接有其他詞語 (不定詞等)，即使是肯定也可用省略式。 如：C
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A：
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Would you like to come with us?
(你想不想和我們一起去?)
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B：
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I'd like to very much (or I'd love to).
(我非常想。)C
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