While millions of people worry about the spread of diseases, something just as contagious is constantly in the air—yawns. Everyone from minutes-old babies to 99-year-old grandfathers yawn. In fact, we start yawning even before we've made it outside the womb. _(1)_ ultrasound, these moments have been witnessed in 11-week-old fetuses. Most mammals as well as some _(2)_ of birds, fish, and reptiles also yawn.

There are many theories _(3)_ why we yawn. The most likely one is that it is a way of physically stretching, thus _(4)_ us to flex our muscles and joints. A false theory used to hold that yawning meant that we needed to provide our brain _(5)_ more oxygen. While it is true that we yawn more when tired or bored, there are plenty of times when neither is the _(6)_. It is now believed that yawns help our bodies change from a state of inactivity to activity or vice versa.

Seeing someone else yawn usually compels other people around him or her to _(7)_ yawns. In a study _(8)_ at the Primate Research Institute at Kyoto University, a 27-year-old chimp viewed a video of another chimp yawning. _(9)_ after watching the video, she yawned as well. Through this research, it was _(10)_ that yawning is a result of empathizing with others. The next time a friend yawns and you follow suit, you will demonstrate how in touch you are with the people around you.
——by Jerri Graham

(A) Via (B) with (C) case (D) as to (E) allowing
(F) Shortly (G) concluded (H) species (I) let out (J) conducted

 

1. 第一題空格應選 (A) Via
理由:
a. 本空格位於句首,得知空格內應置入字首為大寫的選項,選項中僅 (A) 與 (F) 為字首大寫的單字,然空格後為名詞 ultrasound,得知應置入介詞,以形成介詞片語作副詞用,故 (A) 為正選。
b. via prep. 憑藉,經由
例: I received a message from Jonathan via email.
我收到強納森寄來的一封電子郵件。

2. 第二題空格應選 (H) species
理由:
a. 空格前為數量形容詞 some,得知空格內應置入一名詞。
b. 空格後有 of 接鳥類、魚類、爬蟲類(birds, fish, and reptiles)等物種形成的介詞片語,故根據語意得知,空格應置入名詞 species。
species n.(生物)種類(單複數同形)
c. 根據上述,(H) 為正選。

3. 第三題空格應選 (D) as to
理由:
a. 空格前為完整子句 "There are many theories",而空格後有疑問詞 why 引導的名詞子句,得知應置入片語介詞 as to,並形成下列固定用法:
as to + 疑問詞引導的名詞子句 關於/有關……
例: I was very confused as to how the thief came in without making a sound.
(關於小偷如何一聲不響地進門,我實在想不透。)
b. 根據上述,(D) 為正選。

4. 第四題空格應選 (E) allowing
理由:
a. 原句中已有完整子句 "The most likely one is that...",而空格前僅有逗點和副詞 thus,而缺乏連接詞,得知空格內應置入現在分詞。
b. 空格後有受詞 us 及不定詞 to flex,得知空格應置入現在分詞 allowing,並形成下列固定用法:
allow sb/sth to V  允許某人/某物(做)……
例: his television allows you to watch two programs at the same time.
這台電視能讓你同時收看兩個節目。
c. 根據上述,(E) 為正選。

5. 第五題空格應選 (B) with
理由:
a. 空格前有動詞 provide 加 our brain 作其受詞,得知應置入介詞 with,形成以下固定用法:
provide A with B  提供 B 給 A
例: If you can provide me with a description of the car, I can help you find it.
如果你能提供對那輛車的描述,我就可以幫你找。
b. 根據上述,(B) 應為正選。

6. 第六題空格應選 (C) case
理由:
a. 空格前為定冠詞 the,得知應置入一名詞。
b. 選項中僅 case 為名詞,且置入後亦形成下列用法:
be the case  就是這種情況
例: It isn't the case that I don't like you. I'm just not interested in French guys.
我不是不喜歡你,只是對法國男生沒興趣。
c. 根據上述,(C) 應為正選。

7. 第七題空格應選 (I) let out
理由:
a. 空格前有不定詞的 to,得知應置入一原形動詞。
b. 選項中僅 let out 為原形動詞片語,且置入後亦符合語意,故 (I) 為正選。
c. let out...   發出……;釋放……
例: Ted let out a high-pitched scream when he saw the spider crawling up his leg.
泰德看見蜘蛛爬到他腿上時,發出高頻率的尖叫。

8. 第八題空格應選 (J) conducted
理由:
a. 空格前為名詞 a study,後為地方副詞片語 "at the...University",得知空格應置入分詞,以形成分詞片語作形容詞,修飾其前的 study。
b. 選項中 (G) 與 (J) 均為過去分詞,但僅 (J) 置入後符合語意,故為正選。
c. conduct vt. 進行(研究、調查等)
例: Gary conducted a survey in the halls of his school.
蓋瑞在學校大廳進行了一項調查。

9. 第九題空格應選 (F) Shortly
理由:
a. 本空格位於句首,得知空格內應置入字首為大寫的選項。
b. 空格後為介詞片語 "after watching the video",而選項中的副詞 Shortly 可修飾 after 引導的介詞片語,置入後符合語意、用法,故 (F) 為正選。
c. shortly/right/immediately + after/before 引導的介詞片語或副詞子句
在……之後/之前沒多久
例: Shortly after I bought the MP3 player, they came out with an even better one.
我剛買 MP3 隨身聽不久,就推出更棒的款式。

10. 第十題空格應選 (G) concluded
理由:
a. 空格前有 it was, 其後則為 that 引導的子句,得知應置入過去分詞,形成 "it is/was + 過去分詞 + that 子句" 之用法。選項中 concluded 置入後符合語意、用法,故 (G) 應為正選。
b. It is concluded + that 子句  下……的結論,推論……
conclude vt. 下結論,推斷出
例: It was concluded that violence towards that man was not necessary.
人們推斷對那男人所施的暴力並非必要。

1. contagious a. 傳染性的
例: The contagious disease can be quickly spread from person to person.
傳染性疾病會迅速地在人群之間傳播。

2. in the air  在空中
例: Love is in the air during the early months of summer.
初夏的空氣中瀰漫著愛的氣息。

3. flex vt. 舒展(四肢等)
例: Marcus was flexing his huge muscles while looking in the mirror.
馬克斯在鏡子前展現他強壯的肌肉。

4. compel sb to V  迫使某人(做)……
compel vt. 強迫,迫使
例: His rude remark compelled me to say something back to him.
他的魯莽話語讓我不得不說些話來反擊。

5. empathize with...  
對……移情;與……有同感

empathize vi. 移情;有同感
例: The child has the ability to empathize with animals.
那小孩具有感受動物情緒的能力。

6. follow suit  跟著照做
例: Ed took out a cigarette and his younger brother followed suit.
愛德拿出香煙,而他弟弟也有樣學樣。

7. be in touch with sb  與某人相聯繫
例: The yoga teacher believes that she's in touch with all of her students.
瑜珈老師相信她與學生之間緊密相連。


 1. yawn vi. & n.(打)呵欠

2. constantly adv. 不斷地

3. ultrasound n. 超音波

4. fetus n. 胎兒

5. mammal n. 哺乳類動物

6. reptile n. 爬蟲類動物

7. stretch vt. 舒展(肢體)

8. joint n. 關節

9. oxygen n. 氧氣

10. inactivity n. 不活動;靜止

11. vice versa adv. 反之亦然

12. chimp n. 黑猩猩

= chimpanzee

13. demonstrate vt. 顯示,展現

1. make it outside the womb  出生

2. A as well as B  A 和 B

3. plenty of...  很多的……

  數百萬人都在煩惱疾病的傳播,但空氣中一直都有同樣具傳染性的東西在蔓延——呵欠。從出生幾分鐘的小嬰兒到99歲的老爺爺都會打呵欠。事實上,我們甚至打從娘胎起就會打呵欠。藉由超音波,我們親眼目睹11週大的胎兒打呵欠。大部分的哺乳類動物、某些鳥類、魚類及爬蟲類也都會打呵欠。

  有許多關於人們為何打呵欠的理論。其中最有可能的說法是打呵欠可放鬆身體,使我們舒展肌肉與關節。過去有個錯誤的理論認為,打呵欠代表我們需要提供腦部更多氧氣。雖然在疲倦或無聊時,我們的確比較會打呵欠,但還有很多時候我們打呵欠卻不是因為這些理由。如今人們相信,打呵欠幫助身體從靜止狀態轉變至活動的狀態,反之亦然。

  看見其他人打呵欠通常也會使周圍的人跟著打呵欠。在一個京都大學靈長類研究所做的研究中,一隻27歲的黑猩猩看了另一隻黑猩猩打呵欠的錄影帶後不久,也跟著打呵欠。透過這個研究,我們能夠斷定打呵欠是感同身受的結果。下次你跟著朋友一起打呵欠時,就表現出你與身邊的人如何緊密相連了。

標準答案:
1. (A) 2. (H) 3. (D) 4. (E) 5. (B)
6. (C) 7. (I) 8. (J) 9. (F) 10. (G)

from 常春藤解析英語雜誌

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