Luis國際資訊事務所

4.

如何由主動語態轉換成被動語態： 

由於主動語態結構之不同，變成被動語態之方式亦因而不盡相同。茲分別說明如下：

1.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋O.” 之轉換： 

2.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋I.O. (間接受詞)＋D.O. (直接受詞)” 之轉換： 

3.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋O.＋O.C. (受詞補語)” 之轉換：

4.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋O.＋infinitive (不定詞)” 之轉換：

5.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋不定詞 (有受詞)” 之轉換：

6.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋動名詞 (有受詞)” 之轉換：

7.

主動語態爲 “S.＋不及物動詞＋介詞＋O.” 之轉換：

8.

主動語態爲 “S.＋動詞＋介詞形副詞＋O.” 之轉換：

9.

主動語態爲 “S.＋動詞＋介詞形副詞＋介詞＋O.” 之轉換：

10.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋O.＋介詞＋O.” 之轉換：

11.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋-self (反身代名詞)” 之轉換：

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續 上 期

12.

主動語態爲 “S.＋V.＋Noun Clause (名詞子句)” 之轉換：

主動語態裡的受詞是名詞子句時，轉換成被動語態可能有三種不同的結構：

(a)

以主動語態裡做受詞用的名詞子句放在句首做主詞，不過此種結構在日常生活中並不多見。

(b)

用 it 放在句首做形式主詞，原主動語態裡做受詞的名詞子句放在句尾做真正主詞 (參閱 p.38)。

(c)

用主動語態裡做受詞的名詞子句裡的主詞做主詞，動詞之後接不定詞。

(1) 

主：

They say that he’s famous in his own country.
(據說他在他自己的國家很有名。)

被：

That he’s famous in his own country is widely said.

or：

It is said that he’s famous in his own country.

or：

He’s said to be famous in his own country.

(2)

主：

People thought that what he said was not true.
(大家都認爲他所說的不是事實。)

被：

It was thought that what he said was not true.

or：

What he said was thought not to be true.

(3)

主：

Nobody knew whether there was gold left in the mine.
(沒有人知道這個礦場裡還有沒有剩餘的金礦。)

被：

It was not known whether there was gold left in the mine.

or：

Whether there was gold left in the mine was not known.

(註)

(a)

名詞子句裡的動詞若是進行式，變成被動語態裡的不定詞也該用進行式。如：

(1)

主：

People believe that he is living abroad.
(人們相信他現在住在國外。)

被：

He is believed to be living abroad.  (同上。)

(2)

主：

We know that he was waiting for a message.
(我們知道他在等消息。)

被：

He was known to be waiting for a message.   (同上。) 

(b)

名詞子句裡動詞的時間是在主要子句動詞的時間之前時，變成被動語態裡的不定詞該用完成式或完成進行式。如：

(1)

主：

People believe that he robbed the bank.
                現在                            過去

(人們相信他搶劫了那家銀行。)

被：

He is believed to have robbed the bank.   (同上。)

(2)

主：

I find that you have been absent twice.

    現在                        現在已經 (過去) 

(我發現你已經缺席兩次。)

被：

You are found to have been absent twice.   (同上。)

(3)

主：

The police found that he had murdered his wife.

                            過去                              過去的過去

(警方發現他殺了他的太太。)

被：

He was found to have murdered his wife.
(他被發現謀殺了他的太太。)

(4)

主：

The police found that his wife had been murdered.

                            過去                                    過去的過去

(警方發現他的太太被人謀殺了。)

被：

His wife was found to have been murdered.
(他的太太被發現已遭謀殺。)

(5)

主：

People believe that  he was waiting for his opportunity.

                          現在                            過去正在

(人們相信他當時在等機會。)

被：

He is believed to have been waiting for his opportunity.   (同上。)

(6)

主：

People believed that he had been waiting  for his opportunity. 

                      過去                                    過去以前正在

(人們相信他一直在等機會。)

被：

He was believed to have been waiting for his opportunity.   (同上。)

13.

主動語態爲 “ S. (疑問代名詞，或疑問形容詞＋名詞)＋V.＋O.?” 之轉換：

疑問句裡的主詞是疑問詞，或被疑問詞修飾時，轉換成被動語態有兩種不同的結構：

(a)

在正式的場合將 by 放在疑問詞之前 (即放在句首)。

(b)

在日常用語裡將 by 放在句末，而且常用 who 代替 whom (參閱 p.340)。

(1)

主：

Who left the door open?
(誰讓門開著的?)

被：

(2) 

主：

Which boy won the prize?
(哪一個男孩得了獎?)



被：