5.
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若干特殊形式的被動語態:
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1.
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“get+p.p.”—— 相當於 “be+p.p.”,但只用於口語中。——其中有些 “p.p.” 應視爲做主詞補語的 “分詞形容詞”。如:
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2.
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“get+p.p.” 特別用於以下兩種場合:
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3.
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“have / get+O.+p.p.”—— 表示受詞被如何如何,get 比較口語化。主要用於以下兩種場合(參閱 p.518-10):
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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4.
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“be+p.p.”= be+形容詞 或 have+p.p. 或 have been+p.p.
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不論及物或不及物的過去分詞都可用作形容詞 (參閱第二冊 pp.64-3,66-4),因而和形容詞一樣可以置於 be 動詞之後做主詞補語 (見 p.63)。本結構即屬於“be+形容詞(補語)”, 並非真正的被動語態。
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結構中的“p.p.”若是不及物動詞的過去分詞,含義是“已經…”,相當於主動語態的完成式“have+p.p.”;若是及物動詞的過去分詞,含義是“已經被…”,相當於被動語態的完成式“have been +p.p.”。如:
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(1)
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a.
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The door is new. (那門是新的。)
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b.
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The door is red. (那門是紅的。)
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c.
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The door is locked. (那門是鎖著的。)
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這 “c” 句裡的過去分詞 “locked” 和 “a” 句裡的 “new” 以及 “b” 句裡的 “red” 一樣是形容詞,做主詞補語。
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(2)
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The door was locked by me ten minutes ago. Now it is locked. (這門是十分鐘前我鎖上的。現在它是鎖著的。)
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前面一句裡的動詞是 was locked,指的是動作,而且是過去的 (ten minutes ago) 動作,所以用過去式;後面一句裡的動詞是 is,locked 是形容詞,說明主詞的狀態 (鎖著的),稱它爲主詞補語,因爲指的是“現在”的狀態,所以動詞用現在式的“is”。
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(3)
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Spring is come.= Spring has come and it is spring now. (春天來了。)
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(4)
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The sun is risen in the east.= The sun has risen and it is in the east. (日已東升。)
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(5)
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The poor child is gone.= The poor child has died and he is dead. (這個可憐的小孩已經死了。)
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(6)
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I got caught in the rain and my suit is ruined (= has been ruined). (我碰到了雨,我的西裝已經被淋得不成樣子。)
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(7)
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The vegetables are all cut up (= have all been cut up); what shall I do now? (蔬菜都已經切好了,現在要我做什麽?)
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(8)
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I think your leg is broken (= has been broken). (你的腿骨可能斷了。)
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(9)
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It's four o'clock. The bank is closed (= has been closed). (四點鐘了,銀行已經關門了。)
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也許有人會問:既然可以用 “have+p.p.” 或 “have been+p.p.”,爲什麽還要有個 “be+p.p.” 的結構來表達同樣的含義?那麽我要問:雖然可以說 “他死了”,我們可不可以說 “他已經死了” 或 “他去了”?或 “他走了”?
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不過,並非在所有的場合這兩種結構都是相等可以互換,由於 “be+p.p.” 中的 p.p.只是個形容詞,不可能有受詞,因此像下面這個句子即不可用 “be+p.p.”的結構代替:
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He has finished his work.
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V. O.
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然而 “be+形容詞+介詞” 等於及物動詞 (見 p.377), 因此,下面這個句子即可表達上面一句的同樣含義:
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He is finished with his work.
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再如:He is done with his work. = He has done his work.
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(10)
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Let's find another restaurant. This one is too crowded. (我們去找另一家餐廳吧。這家太擁擠了。)
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(11)
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It is hot in the room because the window is closed. (因爲窗子是關著的,所以房間裡很熱。)
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(12)
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I don't know where I am. I am lost. (我不知道我在哪兒。我迷路了。)
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(13)
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A:
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Is dinner ready? (飯準備好了沒有?)
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B:
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Not yet. The dinner is not done. It needs another ten minutes. (還沒有。飯還沒有做好。還需要十分鐘。)
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