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5.
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若干特殊形式的被動語態：
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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6.
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主動的形式，被動的含義：
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有些及物動詞偶爾也用作不及物，形式上是主動語態，意義上卻是被動。如：
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(1)
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Is this your new pen? Does it write well?
(這是不是你的新鋼筆? 它好不好寫?)
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筆 (pen) 不能自己寫 (write)，而是被人用來寫，但卻不能用被動的形式 (is written)。
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(2)
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Some animals kill only for food.
(有些動物只因爲食用而被殺。)
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動物 (animals)是 “被殺” 當作食物，所以本例中的 kill 是主動的形式，被動的含義。
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(3)
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a.
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We cook potatoes.
(我們煮馬鈴薯。)
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b.
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Potatoes cook slowly.
(馬鈴薯煮起來很慢。)
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馬鈴薯 (potatoes)是 “被煮”，所以本句裡的 cook 的形式是主動，意義卻是被動。
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(4)
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a.
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We read a play.
(我們讀劇本。)
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b.
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The play reads well.
(這劇本讀起來很好。)
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劇本 (play) 是 “被讀”，所以本句裡的 reads 的形式是主動，含義卻是被動。
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(5)
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a.
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He sells books.
(他賣書。)
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b.
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The book is selling badly.
(這本書現在銷路很差。)
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書 (book) 是 “被賣”，所以 is selling 是主動的形式，被動的含義。
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(6)
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a.
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Go and wash your hands.
(去洗手。)
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b.
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It’s a pretty material, but it doesn’t wash.
(這是很漂亮的布料，可是不耐洗。)
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布料 (material) 是 “被洗”，所以 wash 是主動的形式，被動的含義。
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(7)
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a.
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We keep meat in the refrigerator.
(我們把肉保存在冰箱裡。)
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b.
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Meat will not keep in this weather.
(肉在這種天氣裡不好保存。)
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肉 (meat) 是 “被保存”，所以 keep 是主動的形式，被動的含義。
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(8)
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a.
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We don't own the house; we rent it at ＄250 a month.
(我們住的房屋不是自己的，是以每月兩百五十元租來的。)
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b.
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This house rents at ＄250 a month.
(這房子每月租金兩百五十元。)
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房屋 (house) 是 “被租”，所以 rents 是主動的形式，被動的含義。
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(9)
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a.
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They are building their new school houses.
(他們正在建築新校舍。)
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b.
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Their new school houses are building.
(他們的新校舍正在建築中。)
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校舍 (school houses) 是 “被建”，所以 are building 是主動的形式，被動的含義。
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(10)
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a.
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Let me taste the medicine.
(我來嚐嚐這藥的味道。)
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b.
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Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
(良藥苦口。)
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藥 (medicine) 是 “被嚐”，所以本句裡的 tastes 是主動的形式，被動的含義。
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(11)
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Trumpets were sounding (= were being sounded). Guns were firing (= were being fired). Drums were beating (= were being beaten).
(號角在響，槍炮在放，軍鼓在鳴。)
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未來進行式，以及各種完成進行式因爲都不能用被動語態 (參閱 p.635)，所以都是用主動的形式以表示被動的含義。如：
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(12)
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不
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說：
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A bridge of iron across the river will be being built this time next year.
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該
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說：
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A bridge of iron across the river will be building this time next year.
(一座橫跨這條河的鐵橋明年此時正在興建中。)
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(13)
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不
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說：
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This bridge of iron across the river has been being built since last year.
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該
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說：
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This bridge of iron across the river has been building since last year.
(這座橫跨這條河的鐵橋從去年一直建到現在。)
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在 need, want, require, deserve 和 worth之後的 “-ing”是主動的形式，被動的含義 (參閱 p.441與第二冊 p.94-2)。如：
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(14)
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My watch needs (or wants, requires) cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned.)
(我的錶需要清洗。)
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(15)
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The car isn't worth repairing.
(這輛車不值得修理。)
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(16)
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His advice deserves acting on.
(他的建議值得採取行動。)
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在 something, anything, nothing 以及名詞之後的不定詞往往用主動的形式來表示被動的含義。如：
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(17)
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There is something to admire in him.
(他有值得讚美的地方。)
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(18)
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There is nothing to do.
(沒事可做。)
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其實，這類接在名詞或代名詞之後的不定詞相當於一個形容詞子句，用主動還是被動都有其依據。例如：
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There is nothing to do. = There is nothing we can do.
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主動 主動
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There is nothing to be done. = There is nothing that can be done.
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被動 被動
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