第五篇 動 詞
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第四章 動詞的時態 (Verb Tenses)
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21.
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過去完成式的要點提示:
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1.
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在敘述過去的事情之後又回顧到那過去以前的事情時,用過去完成式;如果按照時間的先後順序敘述過去的種種,都該用過去式。如:
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2.
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在不可能引起先後的誤解時,常用過去式代替過去完成式。如:
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3.
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如果第一個動作發生後,隨即產生了第二個動作 (往往前者是因,後者是果),兩者都用過去式;如果第一個動作需要若干時間才能完成,而且有意強調該動作完成後才產生第二個動作,前者必須用過去完成式。如:
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4.
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before 子句或片語所修飾的動詞用過去完成式比用過去式多了一層含義,因而以下各例中的兩句意義相似但不完全相同:"a" 句純粹敘述過去某時以前發生了某事;"b" 句除了也有此含義外,並且暗示當時的狀況 (如句後的括弧裡所示),而此一過去完成式即是說明了所以成為那種狀況的原因。如:
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5.
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倘若 before 子句裡可用過去式而不用,卻要用過去完成式,其原因是在強調此事尚未發生或還沒有來得及做時,另一事件發生了。 如:
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6.
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同一個句子裡有兩個過去完成式時,表示時間或比較的子句裡的過去完成式可以而且最好用過去式代替。如:
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•
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•
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續 上 期
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7.
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know, understand 等表示知覺的動詞在時間子句裡如果沒有表示一段時間的副詞修飾時,都不用過去完成式 (參閱 p.590-18 A 和 B)。如:
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(1)
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When he had known me for a year, he invited me to the concert. (他認識了我一年後,請我去音樂會聽音樂。)
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本例中的過去完成式 had known 有表示一段時間的副詞片語 for a year 修飾它。
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(2)
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When I knew the work of one department thoroughly, I was moved to the next department. (當我徹底瞭解了一個部門的工作時,我就被調到另一個部門。)
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8.
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歷史上的事件永遠用過去式,不可用過去完成式——因為沒有引起時間先後誤解之可能。如:
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(1)
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We learned that Columbus
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had discovered (×)
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America in 1492.
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discovered (○)
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(我們知道哥倫布於一四九二年發現了美洲。)
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(2)
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The teacher taught us that World War II
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had broken out (×)
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in 1939.
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broke out (○)
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(老師告訴我們第二次世界大戰是一九三九年爆發的。)
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9.
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主要子句裡的 hope、wish、want、expect、think、intend、mean (= intend)、suppose 等的過去完成式是敘述過去沒有實現的希望、打算、計劃,也表示了失望或出乎意料之外等情緒。如:
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(1)
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We had hoped that you would be able to visit us, but you did not. (我們本來希望你能來看我們的,但是你沒有來。)
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(2)
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I had intended (meant) to call on you, but was prevented from doing so. (我本打算去拜訪你的,但因故受阻了。)
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(3)
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She had thought of paying us a visit, but the bad weather made her change her plans. (她本想來看望我們,但惡劣的天氣使她改變了計劃。)
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(4)
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We had wanted to see him, but found he was out. (我們本想看他,但是我們發現他出門去了。——結果沒有看到他。)
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(5)
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I hadn't for a minute supposed (expected) that I should get the first prize. (But I did get the first prize.) (我未曾有一刻料想我竟會得到第一獎。——可是我就得了第一獎。)
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(註)
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此類動詞的過去式之後接完成式不定詞也表示過去沒有實現的打算、計劃等 (參閱下冊 p.9)。如:
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(2) = I intended (meant) to have called on you, but was prevented from doing so.
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(4) = I wanted to have seen him, but found he was out.
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10.
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在假設法 (Subjunctive Mood) 的句子裡,過去完成式是表示與過去事實相反的事情 (參閱pp.611, 629, 630, 633)。如:
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(1)
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If she had married him, she would have been happier. (假如她當初嫁給他,她會更快樂的。——事實上她沒有嫁給他。)
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(2)
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He talked as if he had known everything. (他談話的樣子就好像什麼都懂。——事實上他並不是什麼都懂。)
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(3)
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I would rather you had told her the truth. (我寧願你〔當時〕把事實真相告訴了她。——可是你沒有。)
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(4)
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I wish I had worked harder when I was young. (我年輕的時候更苦幹些就好了。——事實上我年輕時不夠努力。)
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(5)
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If only you had told me before. (你要是以前告訴我就好了。——事實是你沒有。)
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God helps those who help themselves.
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