20.
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現在完成式的疑難:
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1.
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敘述過去的動作為何不用過去式而要用現在完成式呢?
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2.
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敘述過去發生的事情之現在完成式能不能將事情發生的時間明示出來呢?
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3.
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敘述過去發生的事情之現在完成式既然不談時間,為什麼可以用 "this morning" 來表示時間?
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4.
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lately / recently 到底是用於現在完成式還是過去式?
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5.
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像 "When...?" 這樣的疑問句裡可否用現在完成式?
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6.
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問句裡是現在完成式,答句裡是不是一定用現在完成式?
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7.
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表示 "到某地去" 的 have gone 和 have been 有何不同?
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•
•
•
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續 上 期
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8.
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have gone 與 be gone 有何不同 ?
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A.
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就結構而言,兩者完全不同:
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"have gone" 中的 have 是助動詞,gone 是主動詞,兩者合起來構成完成式的動詞;"be gone" 中的 be 是動詞,gone 是形容詞 (過去分詞可以用作形容詞 —— 參閱 p.411) 接在 be 動詞之後做主詞補語 (參閱 p.60)。
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B.
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就含義而言,有時可以算是相同,有時不同:
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"have gone" 的意思是 "已經走了",或 "已經到 (某地) 去了" (參閱 p.583);"be gone" 的意思是 "不見了","已經不在這裡或那裡了",相當於 "have disappeared",或 "be no longer here / there"。
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C.
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就使用而言,兩者有同有異:
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只說某人"已經走掉了",並未說明去哪裡了,have gone 與 be gone 皆適用,說不出有何區別。如果說某人"已經到某地去了",只可用 have gone,不可用 be gone;如果說某物不見了,通常都只用 be gone。如:
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(1)
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Nobody knows
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where he is gone. (×)
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(沒人知道他到哪裡去了。)
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where he has gone. (○)
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(2)
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Mary
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is gone (×)
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home (to school). (瑪麗已經回家〔上學去〕了。)
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has gone (○)
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(3)
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Aunt
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has gone. (○)
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(姑母已經走掉了。)
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is gone. (○)
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(4)
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My bicycle is gone (= has disappeared), Mummy. (我的腳踏車不見了,媽咪。)
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(5)
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Your friend is gone (= has gone and is no longer here now). (你的朋友已經走掉了 —— 已經不在這裡了。)
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(註)
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(a)
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或問:"be gone" 裡的 gone 既然是過去分詞充當形容詞做主詞補語,何不乾脆用形容詞呢? 問得好!譬如 "他死了"。我們不說 "He is died." 而說 "He has died." 或 "He is dead."。再如 "門是開著的。" 我們不說 "The door is opened." (不能說 "The door has opened." 因為 open 是及物動詞,後面沒有受詞不行),而說 "The do or is open." 這都說明了我們不能用過去分詞 died 和 opened 來代替形容詞 dead 和 open。可是與 gone 有相同意義的形容詞是哪一個字呢? 沒有!不得已而求其次,只好用過去分詞來充當了。這是當初使用字彙者的權宜之計,也煞費苦心!不能再追問了,否則,我的答案必然是白紙一張了。
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(b)
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以下各例中的 "be+過去分詞" 也都是 "be+主詞補語" 的結構 —— 其中的過去分詞都是充當形容詞:
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(1)
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When I awoke, my watch was gone (= was missing). (當我醒來的時候,我的錶不見了。)
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(2)
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The time for resting is gone by (= is past). (休息的時間過去了。)
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(3)
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He is come. (= He has come and is here now.) (他來了。—— 現在在這裡。)
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(4)
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The sun is risen. (= The sun has risen and is now in the sky.) (太陽升上來了。—— 現在在天空。)
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(5)
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The sun is already sunk. (= The sun has already sunk and is now below the horizon.) (太陽已經沈下去了。—— 現在在地平線的下面。)
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(6)
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I am just returned from Taipei. (我剛從台北回來。)
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(7)
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All the guests are arrived. (客人都到齊了。)
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(8)
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The children are all grown up. (孩子都長大了。)
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9.
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have come 和 have been 的含義是否相同?
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答案是否定的。have come 的意思是 "已經來了",相當於 "am / are / is here now",和含 義是 "到…來過或去過" 的have been 不同。如:
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(1)
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A:
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Have you come to see my sister? (你是不是來看我姐姐的?)
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B:
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No, I have come to see you. (不,我是來看你的。)
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(2)
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A:
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Has your sister come? (= Is your sister here?) (你姐姐來了沒有? —— 你姐姐在不在這裡?)
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B:
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No, she has not come. (= No, she is not here.) (沒有。—— 她不在這裡。)
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(3)
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Have you come here before? (×)
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因為 have come = be here now,所以這一句就等於 "Are you here now before?",國語應譯成:"你現在以前有沒有在這裡?" —— 這成什麼話?
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應該
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說:
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Have you been here before? (○) (你以前有沒有來過這裡?)
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(4)
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I have come here very often. (×)
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本句等於 "I am here now very often.",國語應譯成:"我常常現在在這裡。"—— 不 成話!
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應該
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說:
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I have been here very often. (○) (我常常到這裡來。)
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(5)
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Has he ever come here? (×)
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本句等於 "Is he ever here now?",國語應譯為:"他曾經現在在這裡?"—— 此話不通。
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應該
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說:
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Has he ever been here? (○) (他曾經來過這裡嗎?)
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(6)
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He has come here once or twice. (×)
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本句等於 "He is here now once or twice." —— 誰能知道這究竟是什麼意思? 不能表達正 確意義的句子當然不是正確的句子。
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應該
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說:
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He has been here once or twice. (○) (他到這裡來過一兩次。)
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(提
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示)
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(a)
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由以上各例可知:have come (= be here now) 不 可和 before, ever, never, often, once 等副詞連用。
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(b)
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has come 與 is come 之異同正如 has gone 與 is gone 之異同 (參閱 p.584)。
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