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20.
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現在完成式的疑難：
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1.
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敘述過去的動作為何不用過去式而要用現在完成式呢?
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•
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7.
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表示 "到某地去" 的 have gone 和 have been 有何不同?
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8.
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have gone 與 be gone 有何不同 ?
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9.
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have come 和 have been 的含義是否相同?
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10.
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have got 和 have gotten 有何不同？
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11.
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為什麼 "I have seen his grandfather, who died of hunger." 這個句子裡的 have seen 有問題?
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12.
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為什麼 "He has died for three years." 這個句子是不正確的 ?
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13.
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"for＋若干時間" 所修飾的動詞可否用過去式？
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14.
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since 子句裡可否用現在完成式？
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15.
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"He has lived in Taipei more than three years since he returned from abroad." 錯在哪裡？
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續 上 期
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16.
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"Father works from morning till night, day after day." 裡的 from 可否改用 since？
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答案是 "否定的"。原因是 since 的意思是 "從那時直到現在"，"相當於 "from that time until now"。如果只是 "從那時" 而沒有到現在的含義，或是指從某時至某時 (並非現在)，都不能用 since，該用 from 某時，或 from 某時 to / till / until 某時，動詞也不能用現在完成式，應根據所涉及的時間用適當的時態。如：
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(1)
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I've been here since one o'clock, but no body's come yet.
(我自一點鐘一直到現在都在這裡，可是〔到現在〕還沒有一個人來。)
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(2)
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I was there from one o'clock, but nobody came.
(我自一點鐘就在那裡，可是沒有一個人來。)
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(3)
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I'll be here from one o'clock tomorrow.
(明天我會自一點鐘就在這裡。)
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(4)
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I was asleep from one to three.
(從一點到三點我睡著了。)
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(5)
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Mother will be away from Wednesday to Saturday.
(從星期三到星期六媽媽要出門去。)
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(6)
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We usually go to Chu-shan from July to September.
(從七月到九月我們通常都是去竹山。)
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17.
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"Yesterday Father said he could not go with us, but since then he has changed his mind." 這個句子是不是表示"爸爸的主意從那時起到現在一直都在改變"？
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答案不是如此。因為 since 的含義除了是 "從那時一直繼續到現在" 而外，另有含義是 "在那時和現在之間的某時"，相當於 "at some time between that time and now"，或 "在現在以前"，相當於 (但不等於) "before now, ago"。
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由上述可知，上面一句裡的 has changed his mind 並非表示一直在改變主意，只是表示在他說出他不能和我們一同去的那時和現在之間的某一個時間改變了他的主意。也由此可知，有 since 的句子，雖然動詞用現在完成式，但是這個現在完成式不一定是表示一直繼續的動作或狀態，有時是表示一次的動作。比較以下各例：
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(1)
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I came (on) Sunday, and it has rained ever since. (連續的動作)
(我星期天來的，從那時起一直下雨。)
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Sunday / Monday 等之前的介詞 on在口語中可以省略，尤其在美語中。
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(2)
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He had a bad fall last year and has been off work ever since. (連續的狀態)
(去年他重重地摔了一跤。從那以後就一直沒有工作。)
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(3)
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The postman has passed our house long since. (一次的動作)
(郵差早就走過我們家了。)
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(4)
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He at first refused, but has since consented. (一次的動作)
(他起初拒絕，但是現在已經同意了。)
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這些 since 怎麼怪怪的，和以前看到的 since 好像都不一樣！是不一樣。原因是 since 既可 用作連接詞，後接 "主詞＋動詞"；也可用作介詞，後接名詞；還可用作副詞。以上各例中的 since 都是副詞。做副詞用的 since 既可放在句尾，也可插在片語動詞之間。
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(註)
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(a)
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since 和 ever since 意思相同，但後者語氣較強，強調從那時到現在的 "整個" 時間裡。
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(b)
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第 "3" 例裡的 long since 不可改成 long ago。
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提示：
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現在完成式＋若干時間＋ since
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過去式＋若干時間＋ago (或 since)—— since 很少用。如：
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(1)
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The great man died three years since (= ago).
(這位偉人三年前去世了。)
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(2)
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It was three years since (= ago) that the great man died.
(這位偉人過世的時間是三年以前。)
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(3)
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It happened not long since (= ago).
(這是不久以前發生的。)
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(c)
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since 還可以表示原因，意思是 "既然、因為"，和以上所述表示時間的 since 不可相提並論，所用的動詞時態也不一致。如：
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(1)
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Since you ask me, I will tell you.
(既然你問我，我就告訴你。)
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(2)
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Since it is your birthday, you may stay up an hour later.
(因為是你的生日，你可以遲一個小時睡覺。)
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