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10.
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have got 和 have gotten 有何不同？
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A.
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get 的現在完成式在美語中是 "have gotten"，英語中是 "have got"。如：
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(1)
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I
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have gotten (美)
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five letters so far this week.
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have got (英)
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(這星期到現在為止我已經收到五封信了。)
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(2)
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I admit that I have gotten (or have got) older since I last saw you, but with any luck at all, I have also gotten (or have also got) wiser.
(我承認自從上次見到你以來，我的年紀更大了，然而所幸的是我也更明智了。)
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B.
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在日常口語中，have got 常被用作 have (有) 的含義，指的是現在，指過去時仍用 have 的過去式 had，不能用 had got。 have got to = have to，也只用於日常口語中，指過去時不能用 had got to，只能用 had to。—— 本項裡的 have got 英語中用的比美語中多得多。其中的 got 不可改成 gotten。如：
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(1)
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a.
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I have gotten a problem. (×)
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b.
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I have got a problem. (○) (日常口語)
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c.
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I have a problem. (○) (正式)
(我有一個問題。)
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(2)
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a.
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She's got a nice voice, hasn't she? (日常口語)
(她有一副好嗓音，是不是?)
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此種用法的 have got 裡的 have / has 往往和主詞簡略成一個字，如本例是。
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b.
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She has a nice voice, doesn't she? (正式)
(同上。)
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(3)
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a.
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Have you got the tickets? (日常口語)
(你有沒有票?)
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b.
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Do you have the tickets? (正式)
(同上。)
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(4)
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a.
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I'm glad you haven't got to go to work today.
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b.
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I'm glad you haven't to go to work today.
(我很高興今天你不必去上班。)
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c.
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I'm glad you don't have to go to work today.
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(5)
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He's got to go to a doctor right away.
(他得立刻去看醫生。)
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11.
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為什麼 "I have seen his grandfather, who died of hunger." 這個句子裡的 have seen 有問題?
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現在完成式的動作時間雖然是發生在 "過去"，但和 "現在" 仍有關連，此一動作現在或未來仍有發生的可能，否則即不可用現在完成式。如：
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(1)
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I have bought things in that shop.
(我在那個店鋪買過許多東西。)
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這一句暗示著 "The shop hasn't closed down. It is still possible for me to buy things there." (這個店鋪還在營業，我還有在那裡買東西的可能。)
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如果此一店鋪已經關門大吉，就不可用現在完成式，應該用過去式說：I once bought things in that shop.
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(2)
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I have heard Mr.A singing.
(我聽過A先生歌唱。)
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這一句暗示著 "Mr.A is still alive and it is possible for him to be heard singing again." (A先生還活著，並且還有再被聽到歌唱的可能。)
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如果 A 先生不能再唱歌了，或已經死了，就應該用過去式 說：I once heard Mr.A singing.
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(3)
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I once saw his grandfather, who died of hunger.
(我曾見過他祖父，後來他死於饑餓。)
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他的祖父已經死了，今後再也不可能見到他了，因而不可用 have seen。
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12.
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為什麼 "He has died for three years." 這個句子是不正確的 ?
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有些動作開始的時候也就是結束的時候，沒有繼續性的，因而不能用 "for＋若干時間" 或 "since＋某時" 修飾，這一點和我們國語有顯著的不同。譬如，國語可以說 "他已經死了兩年 了。"，可是英語不可說 "He has died for two years."。再如，國語可以說 "你到了多久了 ?"，英語不能說 "How long have you arrived?"。為什麼? 因為凡是能說 "有多久" 的動作，必然是有繼續性的動作，譬如 live (住)，三年前開始在某地住，住、住、一直住到現在，可知住 (live) 是有繼續性的；所以可以說 I have lived here for three years. 或 I have lived here since three years ago. 再如 "下雨 (rain)"，三點鐘開始下雨，下、下、一直下個不停，下雨 (rain) 是有繼續性的，所以可以說 "It has been raining nonstop since three o'clock." (為何這裡用現在完成進行式 has been raining 而上一句用現在完成式 have lived ? 請閱 p.596-2)。然而，能不能說某人三點鐘開始死，死、死、一直死到現在 ? 不能！能不能說某人三點鐘開始到達這裡，到達、到達、一直到達現在 ? 不能！因此：
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(1)
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不
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可
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說：
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He has died for three years. (×)
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應
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該
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說：
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He died three years ago. (○)
(他是三年前死的。)
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或
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說：
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It's three years since he died. (○)
(自從他死了到現在已經三年了。)
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或
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說：
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He has been dead for three years. (○)
(他已經死了三年了。)
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或
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問：
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為什麼這個句子的 "死了三年" 是可以的呢? 因為這個句子的動詞是 "has been"，意思是 "是"，全句的意思是 "他是死的已經有三年了。" 也就是 "他已經死了三年了"。 這個 "三年"，不是指死的動作持續了三年，而是指他是死的這個狀態已經持續了三年。
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(2)
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不
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可
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說：
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How long have you arrived? (×)
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應
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該
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說：
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How long is it since you arrived? (○)
(你到了多久了?)
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或
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說：
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How long have you been here (there)? (○)
(你到了這裡〔那裡〕多久了?)
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或
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說：
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When did you arrive? (○)
(你是什麼時候到的?)
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(3)
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不
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可
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說：
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She has come for half an hour. (×)
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應
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該
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說：
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She came half an hour ago. (○)
(她半小時以前來的。)
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或
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說：
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It's half an hour since she came. (○)
(自從她來了到現在有半個小時了。)
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或
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說：
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She has been here for half an hour. (○)
(她在這裡已經半個小時了。)
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(註)
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若某人最近或剛剛死了，通常都是用現在完成式說 "He has died. (他已經死了。)"。
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