二、間接敘述 (Indirect Speech or Reported Speech)
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1.
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間接敘述的定義:
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2.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,連接詞之使用:
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3.
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引述動詞之使用及其位置:
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4.
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疑問句在間接敘述與直接敘述裡字序之不同:
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5.
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直接敍述轉換成間接敍述時,人稱代名詞之改變:
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6.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,this 和 these 之改變:
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7.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,時間副詞與地方副詞之改變:
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8.
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直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,動詞的時態之變與不變:
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1.
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引述動詞 (introductory verbs) 若是現在式,由直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,動詞的時態保持不變。
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2.
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引述動詞若是過去式 (如 he said),由直接敘述轉換成間接敘述時,動詞時態之變與不變。
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A.
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直接敘述裡是現在式時,間接敘述裡之變與不變:
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a.
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大體而言,改為過去式。 如:
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b.
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如果被引述者的話說出之後不久或立刻被引述出來,在口語中,名詞子句裡動詞的時態常保持不變。比較:
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c.
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如果我們相信被引述者的話是事實,或將成為事實,名詞子句裡的時態可以仍用現在式;如果不確定那是事實,或認為那根本不是事實,名詞子句裡應改用過去式。比較:
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d.
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如果被引用語在我們現在引述時依然是事實,名詞子句裡常將現在式保持不變。 如:
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e.
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如果被引用語是永久不變的事實或公認的真理,在任何時間或場合引述時都仍保持現在式。 如:
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續 上 期
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B.
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直接敘述裡是過去式時,間接敘述裡之變與不變:
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a.
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原則上,改成過去完成式。 如:
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(1)
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直:
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“I'm sorry I forgot to come yesterday,” he said. (“很抱歉我昨天忘了來。” 他說。)
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間:
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He said he was sorry he had forgotten to come the day before. (他說他前一天忘了來他很抱歉。)
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(2)
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直:
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He said, “Did you enjoy your trip?” (他說, “你這次旅行玩得愉快嗎?”)
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間:
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He asked me if I had enjoyed my trip. (他問我這次旅行是不是很愉快。)
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b.
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在口語中,在不可能引起誤解的情形下,原過去式時常保持不變 (當然也可以改用過去完成式)。 如:
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(1)
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直:
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He said, “My father went to Nanjing on Saturday.” (他說, “我父親星期六去了南京。”)
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間:
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He said his father went (or had gone) to Nanjing on Saturday. (他說他的父親星期六去了南京。)
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但是,下面一例直接敘述裡的過去式 loved 轉換成間接敘述時必須改成過去完成式:
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(2)
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直:
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He said, “I loved her.” (他說, “我過去愛她。”)
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間:
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He said he had loved her. (他說他曾愛她。)
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不是說的時候愛她,而是說時以前愛她,亦即過去愛她,所以在直接敘述裡用過去式 (說話的當時是現在),而在間接敘述裡則必須用過去完成式以表示在過去 (said) 以前。如果說話的當時愛她,亦即說與愛同時,則應屬於下面一例:
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(3)
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直:
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He said, “I love her.” (他說, “我愛她。”)
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間:
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He said he loved her. (他說他愛她。)
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c.
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時間子句裡的過去式通常都保持不變,而另一個主要子句裡若是過去式可以不變也可以改成過去完成式。 如:
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(1)
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直:
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He said, “When we lived in Taipei, we often saw your brother.” (他說, “我們住在台北時,時常看見你弟弟。”)
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間:
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He said that when they lived in Taipei, they often saw (or had often seen) my brother. (他說他們住在台北的時候時常看見我弟弟。)
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(2)
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直:
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He said, “I had been a newspaper reporter before I became a businessman.” (他說, “我在成為生意人之前,我是個新聞記者。”)
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間:
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He said he had been a newspaper reporter before he became a businessman. (他說他在成為生意人之前,是個新聞記者。)
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