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4. |
與過去事實相反的條件句 —— 屬於“假設法”： |
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基本結構：If + S. + V.(過去完成式)...， S.+ should / would have + p.p.... | ||
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此一結構裏的條件子句所設的條件並未發生，因而結果子句所述的結果也未實現。試比較以下各例中的每一句 (注意句後括弧裏的說明)： | ||
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(1) |
a. |
If the weather is nice tomorrow, we will go (or are going to go) to the zoo. (不知明天的天氣是好是壞，或認爲明天的天氣可能很好，所以預作計劃或承諾) |
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(如果明天天氣好的話，我們就去動物園。) |
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b. |
If the weather were nice today, we would go to the zoo. (事實上，今天的天氣很壞，所以我們沒有去動物園) |
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c. |
If the weather had been nice yesterday, we would have gone to the zoo. (事實是：昨天天氣很壞，所以我們沒去) |
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(2) |
a. |
If I have enough money, I will go with you. (首先我得數一數我的錢看看夠不夠) |
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b. |
If I had enough money, I would go with you. (可是我的錢不夠) |
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以上兩例都是指現在，由於情況不同 (如括弧裏所言)，所用的動詞形式亦因而不同。 |
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c. |
If I had had money, I would have gone with you. (可是我當時沒有足夠的錢) |
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本例和 “b”例都是與事實相反，由於時間不同 (本例指過去，“b”例指現在)，所用的動詞形式亦因而不同。 |
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(3) |
If he had heard of your marriage, he would have been surprised. (But he didn't hear of your marriage.) | |
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(4) |
If I had known (that) he was not at home, I should not have called on him. (I didn't know he was not at home, and so I went all the way in vain.) | |
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名詞子句 (that) he was not at home 是事實，而非與事實相反，所以動詞應該用was，不可 用假設法的were或had been。下例中的that子句也是事實，子句裏的動詞 were coming 不可改成 had been coming。 | |
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(5) |
If I had known that you were coming, I would have met you at the airport. (But I didn't know, so I didn't meet you.) | |
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(6) |
I would not have said it when she was there, if I had thought that it would s hock her. (I said it when she was there because I didn't think that it would shock her.) | |
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上例中的副詞子句 where she was there 和名詞子句 that it would shock her 所述都是事實，而非與事實相反，不可用 were 或 had been 和 would have shocked。 | |
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(7) |
If it hadn't been for his brainlessness, the accident would not have happened. (The accident happened because of his brainlessness.) | |
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